Emilie Frederikke Mass Dalhaug

• Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Benvenuti, Maria Beatrice; Dalhaug, Emilie Frederikke Mass & Bø, Kari (2023). Lumbopelvic pain and sick leave during pregnancy: A comparison of Italy and Norway. Women's Health.. ISSN 1745-5057. 19. doi: 10.1177/17455057231218197. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain is a frequently reported musculoskeletal disorder, but few studies have compared data between countries. Objectives: Examine prevalence, severity, and sick leave and explore potential risk factors associated with pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain in Italian women and compare the results to a similar study in Norway, utilizing the same questionnaire. Design: Cross-sectional Methods: Italian (n = 481) and Norwegian women (n = 435) were allocated from two public hospitals in Rome (Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni Calibita-Isola Tiberina) and Oslo (Oslo University Hospital), as well as four antenatal clinics in Modena (Italy). The questionnaire was completed between gestation weeks 32 and 36, addressing women’s experiences of pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain and sick leave in current week, and retrospectively for prepregnancy, first and second trimesters. Results: In Italy and Norway, 39% and 57% of pregnant women reported pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain, respectively, with 11% and 25% experiencing severe pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain. Pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain was associated with sick leave in Norway (p < 0.01), but not in Italy (p = 0.66) at late gestation. In both countries, women with pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain versus those with no pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain were more likely to be multiparous (Italy: 40% versus 31%, p = 0.06 and Norway: 53% versus 38%, p < 0.01), and have gestational weight gain above guidelines (Italy: 21% versus 13%, p = 0.02% and Norway: 27% versus 14%, p < 0.01) and previous experience of pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain (Italy: 15% versus 2%, p < 0.01 and Norway: 31% versus 4%, p < 0.01). Maternal exercise (⩾2 times weekly) was associated with less pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain (Italy: odds ratio = 0.33, 95% confidence interval = 0.11–1.0, p = 0.05 and Norway: odds ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval = 0.29–1.0, p = 0.06). Conclusion: We observed high rates of pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain in Italy and Norway, with Norwegian women reporting the highest prevalence and severity level. While both countries had similar rates of sick leave in late gestation, an association between pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain and sick leave was observed among Norwegian women only. Health care providers should be proactive in addressing pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain through open communication and seeking input from pregnant individuals. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the current evidence on effective treatments remains limited and inconclusive, highlighting the need for further research in this field.

• Dalhaug, Emilie Frederikke Mass & Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen (2022). Does Appearance Matter during Pregnancy? A Cross-Sectional Study of Body Satisfaction from Pre-Pregnancy to Late Gestation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(23). doi: 10.3390/ijerph192316375. Show summary

  Few studies have explored the associations between body satisfaction and physical activity and weight gain during pregnancy, and none have been conducted in Scandinavia. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in body satisfaction from pre-pregnancy to late pregnancy and investigate whether this differed according to parity. We also wanted to explore the association between body satisfaction and physical activity and weight gain among pregnant women in Norway. This cross-sectional survey used an electronic questionnaire to assess physical activity level, weight gain and women’s satisfaction with body weight and size. In total, 150 pregnant women answered the questionnaire. Related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Mann–Whitney U tests and chi-square tests were used to answer our research questions. The proportion of women who were dissatisfied with their body weight and shape increased from pre-pregnancy to late gestation (body weight p = 0.030 and body shape p = 0.040). Body dissatisfaction before and during pregnancy was linked to weight gain above recommendations. Characterising oneself as physically active prior to pregnancy was associated with satisfaction with body shape pre-pregnancy. Given that mothers strongly influence how a child will judge their body later in life, the results of this study underline the importance of addressing these issues during pregnancy.

• Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Kolle, Elin; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Bratteteig, Mari & Dalhaug, Emilie Frederikke Mass [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Temporal trends in physical activity levels across more than a decade – a national physical activity surveillance system among Norwegian children and adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 18. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01120-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: There is a scarcity of device measured data on temporal changes in physical activity (PA) in large population-based samples. The purpose of this study is to describe gender and age-group specific temporal trends in device measured PA between 2005, 2011 and 2018 by comparing three nationally representative samples of children and adolescents. Methods: Norwegian children and adolescents (6, 9 and 15-year-olds) were invited to participate in 2005 (only 9- and 15-year-olds), 2011 and 2018 through cluster sampling (schools primary sampling units). A combined sample of 9500 individuals participated. Physical activity was assessed by hip worn accelerometers, with PA indices including overall PA (counts per minute), moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA), and PA guideline adherence (achieving on average ≥ 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA). Random-effects linear regressions and logistic regressions adjusted for school-level clusters were used to analyse temporal trends. Findings: In total, 8186 of the participating children and adolescents provided valid PA data. Proportions of sufficiently active 6-year-olds were almost identical in 2011 and 2018; boys 95% (95% CI: 92, 97) and 94% (95%CI: 92, 96) and girls 86% (95% CI: 83, 90) and 86% (95% CI: 82, 90). Proportions of sufficiently active 15-year-olds in 2005 and 2018 were 52% (95% CI: 46, 59) and 55% (95% CI: 48, 62) in boys, and 48% (95% CI: 42, 55) and 44% (95% CI: 37, 51) in girls, respectively, resulting from small differences in min/day of MVPA. Among 9-year-old boys and girls, proportions of sufficiently active declined between 2005 and 2018, from 90% (95% CI: 87, 93) to 84% (95% CI: 80, 87)) and 74% (95% CI: 69, 79) to 68% (95% CI: 64, 72), respectively. This resulted from 9.7 min/day less MVPA in boys (95% CI: − 14.8, − 4.7; p < 0.001) and 3.2 min/day less MVPA (95% CI: − 7.0, 0.7; p = 0.106) in girls. Conclusions: PA levels have been fairly stable between 2005, 2011 and 2018 in Norwegian youth. However, the declining PA level among 9-year-old boys and the low proportion of 15-year-olds sufficiently active is concerning. To evaluate the effect of, and plan for new, PA promoting strategies, it is important to ensure more frequent, systematic, device-based monitoring of population-levels of PA.

• Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Mjønerud, Julie & Mass, Emilie (2020). MAMMA MIA! Norwegian midwives’ practices and views about gestational weight gain, physical activity and nutrition. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01463. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: Most studies regarding prevalence of prenatal lifestyle counselling are based on patient-report of provider advice. The aim of the present study was to describe midwives’ practice and views in promoting three distinct, but importantly related lifestyle factors: gestational weight gain (GWG), regular physical activity (PA) and nutrition. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Healthcare clinics in Oslo and Akershus County, Norway. Participants: Clinics that expressed interest to participate provided an email list of the midwives. Out of 107 midwives invited to participate, 65 completed the 15-minute electronic survey (SurveyXact), giving a response rate of 60.7%. Outcome measures: We developed a new questionnaire based on questions and results from similar studies, as no validated questionnaires existed when we initiated this project in 2014. The final electronic questionnaire included a mix of close-ended questions, semi close-ended questions and 11-point Likert scales, and covered demographics, personal health behaviors, counselling practice, views and self-perceived role in lifestyle counselling. Results: Mean workload in prenatal care was 78% and mean years practicing was 8.9 (± 7.5). Across all three health-topics, most (74%-95%) reported to give advice on the first meeting, with a mean frequency of 2.2 (± 1.4), 2.7 (± 1.8) and 2.7 (± 2.0) for GWG, PA and nutrition counselling, respectively. About 40% did not report advice on GWG or gave advice discordant with the IOM recommendations (2009) for at least one pre-pregnancy BMI category. GWG was rated as more unpleasant to talk about than PA (3.0±2.8 versus 1.1±2.5, p<0.001) and nutrition (3.0±2.8 versus 1.2±2.5, p = 0.002). Also, regarding the importance of giving lifestyle advice, PA (9.6±0.9 versus 8.3±2.2, p<0.001) and nutrition (9.9±0.4 versus 8.3±2.2, p<0.001) were rated as more important than advice about GWG. Postpartum, nearly 40% gave advice about PA, whereas only two (3.1%) reported to discuss weight/weight retention (p<0.001). Conclusions: While most midwives gave advice on GWG, PA and nutrition at the first meeting, and rated lifestyle counselling as an important topic, the advice on GWG were often discordant with IOM recommendations, and the topic was viewed as more unpleasant to talk about than PA and nutrition.

• Dalhaug, Emilie Mass & Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen (2019). What the health? information sources and maternal lifestyle behaviors. Interactive Journal of Medical Research. ISSN 1929-073X. 8(3). doi: 10.2196/10355. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Regular physical activity (PA), adequate gestational weight gain (GWG), and healthy eating are important for the long-term health of both mother and baby. Hence, it is important that women receive current and updated advice on these topics and are encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the main information sources among pregnant women regarding PA, GWG, and nutrition as well as to evaluate how these information sources may affect their health behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional study design, comprising an electronic questionnaire, was distributed to 2 antenatal clinics, as well as pregnancy-related online chat forums and social media. The inclusion criteria were ≥18 years, ≥20 weeks gestation, and able to read and write Norwegian. In total, 150 pregnant women answered the questionnaire, which was a mix of 11-point Likert scales, close-ended questions, and semi–close-ended questions with the option to elaborate. The relationship between information sources and selected variables, including health behaviors and descriptive variables, were assessed by logistic regression, linear regression, or chi-square as appropriate (P<.05). Results: Mean age (years), gestation week, and prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) were 31.1 (SD 4.3), 30.6 (SD 5.9), and 24.2 (SD 4.2), respectively. More than eight out of 10 had received or retrieved information about nutrition (88.7%, 133/150) and PA (80.7%, 121/150), whereas 54.0% (81/150) reported information on GWG. When combining all 3 lifestyle factors, 38.5% had retrieved information from blogs and online forums and 26.6%, from their midwife or family physician. Women who reported the internet and media as their primary source of information on weight gain had increased odds of gaining weight below the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines compared with gaining within the guidelines (odds ratio [OR] 15.5, 95% CI 1.4-167.4; P=.02). Higher compliance with nutritional guidelines was seen among those who cited the internet and media as their main source of information on nutrition (beta=.7, 95% CI 0.07-1.3; P=.03). On the other side, receiving advice from friends and family on weight gain was significantly associated with gaining weight above the IOM guidelines compared with gaining within the guidelines (OR 12.0, 95% CI 1.3-111.7; P=.03). No other associations were found between information sources and health behaviors. Conclusions: The small number of health professionals giving information and the extensive use of internet- and media-based sources emphasize the need to address the quality of internet advice and guide women toward trustworthy sources of information during pregnancy. The association between information sources and PA, GWG, and nutrition requires further research.

• Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Dalhaug, Emilie Mass & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2018). Fysisk aktivitet i og etter svangerskap. In Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Berntsen, Sveinung & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (Ed.), Fysisk aktivitet og helse: Fra begrepsforståelse til implementering av kunnskap. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202568313. p. 269–294.

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