Eystein Enoksen

• Haugen, Thomas André; Sandbakk, Øyvind; Enoksen, Eystein; Seiler, Stephen & Tønnessen, Espen (2021). Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World‑Class 800‑ and 1500‑m Runners. Sports Medicine. ISSN 0112-1642. 51, p. 1835–1854. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01481-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Despite an increasing amount of research devoted to middle-distance training (herein the 800 and 1500 m events), information regarding the training methodologies of world-class runners is limited. Therefore, the objective of this review was to integrate scientific and best practice literature and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite middle-distance performance. Herein, we describe how well-known training principles and fundamental training characteristics are applied by world-leading middle-distance coaches and athletes to meet the physiological and neuromuscular demands of 800 and 1500 m. Large diversities in physiological profiles and training emerge among middle-distance runners, justifying a categorization into types across a continuum (400–800 m types, 800 m specialists, 800–1500 m types, 1500 m specialists and 1500–5000 m types). Larger running volumes (120–170 vs. 50–120 km·week−1 during the preparation period) and higher aerobic/anaerobic training distribution (90/10 vs. 60/40% of the annual running sessions below vs. at or above anaerobic threshold) distinguish 1500- and 800-m runners. Lactate tolerance and lactate production training are regularly included interval sessions by middle-distance runners, particularly among 800-m athletes. In addition, 800-m runners perform more strength, power and plyometric training than 1500-m runners. Although the literature is biased towards men and “long-distance thinking,” this review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners to further explore and quantify the training and development of elite 800- and 1500-m running performance and serves as a position statement for outlining current state-of-the-art middle-distance training recommendations.

• Litleskare, Sigbjørn; Enoksen, Eystein; Sandvei, Marit; Støen, Line; Stensrud, Trine & Johansen, Egil Ivar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Sprint interval running and continuous running produce training specific adaptations, despite a similar improvement of aerobic endurance capacity—a randomized trial of healthy adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 17(11). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113865. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of the present study was to investigate training-specific adaptations to eight weeks of moderate intensity continuous training (CT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Young healthy subjects (n = 25; 9 males and 16 females) performed either continuous training (30–60 min, 70–80% peak heart rate) or sprint interval training (5–10 near maximal 30 s sprints, 3 min recovery) three times per week for eight weeks. Maximal oxygen consumption, 20 m shuttle run test and 5·60 m sprint test were performed before and after the intervention. Furthermore, heart rate, oxygen pulse, respiratory exchange ratio, lactate and running economy were assessed at five submaximal intensities, before and after the training interventions. Maximal oxygen uptake increased after CT (before: 47.9 ± 1.5; after: 49.7 ± 1.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, p < 0.05) and SIT (before: 50.5 ± 1.6; after: 53.3 ± 1.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, p < 0.01), with no statistically significant differences between groups. Both groups increased 20 m shuttle run performance and 60 m sprint performance, but SIT performed better than CT at the 4th and 5th 60 m sprint after the intervention (p < 0.05). At submaximal intensities, CT, but not SIT, reduced heart rate (p < 0.05), whereas lactate decreased in both groups. In conclusion, both groups demonstrated similar improvements of several performance measures including VO2max, but sprint performance was better after SIT, and CT caused training-specific adaptations at submaximal intensities.

• Shalfawi, Shaher A. I.; Enoksen, Eystein & Myklebust, Håvard (2019). Acute effect of quadriceps myofascial tissue rolling using a mechanical self-myofascial release roller-massager on performance and recovery in young elite speed skaters. Sports. ISSN 2075-4663. 7(12). doi: 10.3390/sports7120246. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugen, Thomas Andre; Tønnessen, Espen; Øksenholt, Øyvind Øvrebø; Haugen, Fredrik Lie; Paulsen, Gøran & Enoksen, Eystein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Sprint Conditioning of Junior Soccer Players: Effects of Training Intensity and Technique Supervision. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 10(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121827. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aims of the present study were to compare the effects of 1) training at 90 and 100% sprint velocity and 2) supervised versus unsupervised sprint training on soccer-specific physical performance in junior soccer players. Young, male soccer players (17 ±1 yr, 71 ±10 kg, 180 ±6 cm) were randomly assigned to four different treatment conditions over a 7-week intervention period. A control group (CON, n=9) completed regular soccer training according to their teams’ original training plans. Three training groups performed a weekly repeated-sprint training session in addition to their regular soccer training sessions performed at A) 100% intensity without supervision (100UNSUP, n=13), B) 90% of maximal sprint velocity with supervision (90SUP, n=10) or C) 90% of maximal sprint velocity without supervision (90UNSUP, n=13). Repetitions x distance for the sprint-training sessions were 15x20 m for 100UNSUP and 30x20 m for 90SUP and 90UNSUP. Single-sprint performance (best time from 15x20 m sprints), repeated-sprint performance (mean time over 15x20 m sprints), countermovement jump and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) were assessed during pre-training and post-training tests. No significant differences in performance outcomes were observed across groups. 90SUP improved Yo-Yo IR1 by a moderate margin compared to controls, while all other effect magnitudes were trivial or small. In conclusion, neither weekly sprint training at 90 or 100% velocity, nor supervised sprint training enhanced soccer-specific physical performance in junior soccer players.

• Enoksen, Eystein; Fahlström, Per Göran; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Hageskog, Carl-Axel; Christensen, Jens Behrend & Høigaard, Rune (2014). Perceptions of leadership behavior and the relationship to athletes among Scandinavian coaches. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 2000-088X. 5, p. 131–147. Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the perceptions of leadership behavior and coach–athlete relationship in Scandinavian coaches. A secondary purpose was to investigate if differences in national sport education, level of coaching and coaching experiences in individual or team sport have an influence on leadership behavior and coach–athlete relationships. One hundred and forty nine coaches at international level or national top level from Denmark, Norway and Sweden participated in this study (134 male and 15 female). The methods of investigation were Chelladurai’s Leadership scale of sport (LSS) (Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) and Jowett’s coach–athlete relationship perspective (Jowett & Wyllemann, 2006). The results showed that the most frequent self-reported behavioral components between the described coach–athlete relationship subscales and preferred leadership behavior among Scandinavian top-level coaches were training and instructions, positive feedback and democratic behavior, respectively. The study also revealed a positive coach–athlete relationship between (1) commitment and training and instruction, (2) positive feedback and social support, and (3) between complementarities and training and instruction behavior. A significant difference was found between top coaches in Denmark and Sweden on commitment and complementarity, and more experienced coaches used significantly more training and instruction and social support in their coaching than did less experienced coaches. Coaches in team sports reported more autocratic behavior and less democratic behavior than coaches in individual sports.

• Tjelta, Leif Inge; Tønnessen, Espen & Enoksen, Eystein (2014). A case study of the training of nine times New York Marathon winner Grete Waitz. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. 9(1), p. 139–157. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.9.1.139.

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• Gjerset, Asbjørn; Nilsson, Johnny Erik; Helge, Jørn Wulff; Enoksen, Eystein; Raastad, Truls & Meen, Helge Dyre [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2015). Idrettens Treningslære. Gyldendal Undervisning. ISBN 978-82-05-39194-9. 638 p.

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• Gjerset, Asbjørn; Tønnessen, Espen; Frøyd, Christian; Johansen, Egil Ivar; Enoksen, Eystein & Nilsson, Johnny Erik (2015). Kapittel 13 Treningsplanlegging. In Gjerset, Asbjørn ... et al (Eds.), Idrettens treningslære. Gyldendal Undervisning. ISSN 978-82-0539194-9. p. 168–241. Show summary

  Utarbeiding av en treningsplan, som er den første delen av treningsprosessen, inneholder ti steg, og de følger naturlig etter hverandre (se kapittel 12, figur 12.02). Mye av denne planleggingen er bundet til en viss rekkefølge der hvert steg i stor grad bør bygge på det som er gjort tidligere. Noen av disse stegene inneholder forhold som bestemmes én gang om året, mens andre steg er en del av den kontinuerlige planleggingsprosessen. Vi skal i dette kapitlet beskrive hvordan en treningsplan stegvis blir bygd opp.

• Gjerset, Asbjørn; Tønnessen, Espen; Enoksen, Eystein; Frøyd, Christian; Johansen, Egil Ivar & Nilsson, Johnny Erik (2015). Kapittel 12 Helhetlig og dynamisk treningsprosess. In Gjerset, Asbjørn ... et al (Eds.), Idrettens treningslære. Gyldendal Undervisning. ISSN 978-82-0539194-9. p. 162–167. Show summary

  Resultatene man oppnår i idrett, gjenspeiler i de fleste tilfellene kvaliteten i forberedelsene. Skal man gjøre det godt i idrett på et mer avansert nivå, må man være tilstrekkelig forberedt ut fra de kravene som til enhver tid gjelder. Både trenere og ambisiøse utøvere må gjøre de rette tingene til rett tid og i tilstrekkelig grad over flere år. Det betyr at de må ta sikte på en best mulig utvikling av den idrettslige prestasjonsevnen til hver enkelt utøver. Grundig planlegging, god gjennomføring og systematisk dokumentasjon og evaluering av treningen er en forutsetning for å klare å gjennomføre en sammensatt og langvarig treningsprosess.

• Frøyd, Christian; Gjerset, Asbjørn; Nilsson, Johnny Erik & Enoksen, Eystein (2015). Kapittel 17 Utholdenhet og utholdenhetstrening. In Gjerset, Asbjørn ... et al (Eds.), Idrettens treningslære. Gyldendal Undervisning. ISSN 978-82-0539194-9. p. 270–368. doi: ISBN978-82-05-39194-9. Show summary

  Utholdenhet er en viktig egenskap for prestasjon i mange idretter, men også i sammenheng med yrke og hverdagsliv. Vanligvis bruker vi utholdenhetsbegrepet for arbeidsperioder fra 1–2 minutter til flere timer, men utholdenhet kan også benyttes i sammenheng med kortere arbeidsperioder. I tillegg til å klargjøre sentrale begreper, modeller for å forklare utholdenhetsprestasjon, testing og treningsmetoder innenfor utholdenhetstrening, beskriver dette kapitlet fysiologiske og psykologiske faktorer som er med på å bestemme prestasjonsevnen i typiske utholdenhetsidretter.

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