Nina Sølvberg

• Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Mountjoy, Margo; Rosenvinge, Jan Harald & Pettersen, Gunn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Risk factors for sexual harassment and abuse victimization among adolescent athletes and non-athletes: A one-year follow-up study. International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect. ISSN 0145-2134. 147. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106592. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The association between SHA and negative mental health increases the need to understand risk factors for SHA victimization, which is important for future development of prevention programs. Objective To examine which combinations of demographic- and mental health factors were associated with subsequent SHA victimization, and the prevalence of elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students who experienced sexual revictimization. Participants and setting Norwegian elite athletes and recreational athletes attending sport high schools, and reference students attending non-sport high schools (mean age: 17.1 years) were eligible for participation. Methods The participants answered an online questionnaire at two measurement points one year apart, T1 and T2 (n = 1139, 51.1 % girls). After testing for measurement invariance, data were analyzed with Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CRT) using demographic- and mental health variables from T1 as independent variables, and SHA at T2 as outcome. Results The combination of being a girl with high level of symptoms of eating disorders and other psychological symptoms was associated with subsequent reporting of SHA. Among the students with lifetime experience of SHA at T1 (n = 533, 58.3 %), 49.5 % reported revictimization at T2 (60.9 % girls, 32.2 % boys, p ≤ .001). The prevalence of SHA revictimization was lower among elite athletes (44.3 %) compared with recreational athletes (49.1 %) and reference students (59.4 %, p = .019). Conclusion The combination of female gender and mental health symptoms are risk factors for subsequent SHA victimization. These findings, and the high prevalence of SHA revictimization is important knowledge for developing preventive programs targeting elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students.

• Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Mountjoy, Margo; Rosenvinge, Jan H; Pettersen, Gunn & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2023). Sexual harassment and abuse; disclosure and awareness of report- and support resources in Norwegian sport- and non-sport high schools: a prospective exploratory study. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1168423. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: To examine high school students’ disclosure of sexual harassment and abuse (SHA), and awareness of reporting systems and support mechanisms in school among students, leaders, and coaches. Method: Norwegian 17-year-old high school elite athletes (n = 630), recreational athletes (n = 307), and reference students (n = 263) responded to an online questionnaire at two measurement points, 1 year apart (T1 and T2). Leaders and coaches (n = 249) at the participating high schools responded to an adapted version of the questionnaire at T1. Data were analyzed using ANOVA or Welch test, Pearson Chi-Square test, and McNemar test. Results: In total, 11.4 and 34.0% of the adolescents were aware of reporting systems and support mechanisms, respectively, in their schools. Nearly all the leaders, and half of the coaches were aware of these resources. Among the adolescents with lifetime experience of SHA, 20.1% had disclosed their experiences to someone. Girls disclosed more frequently than boys. The eliteand recreational athletes disclosed less often compared with the reference students. A negative change from T1 to T2 was found in disclosure of SHA and awareness of support mechanisms. At T2, 6.5% of the adolescents reported that their school had implemented measures against SHA during the last 12 months. Conclusion: The results emphasize a need for institutional effort to improve information about available report- and support resources and increase the relevance of use of such systems for adolescents.

• Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Rosenvinge, Jan H; Pettersen, Gunn & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2022). Sexual Harassment and Abuse among Young Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes, and Reference Students: A Prospective Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 54(11), p. 1869–1878. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002972. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: To examine the 12-months prevalence and 12-months prospective change in reported sexual harassment and abuse (SHA)-victimization among young elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students in three different social settings and identify the perpetrators. Methods: In total, 919 adolescents responded to an online questionnaire in 12th grade (T1) and 13th grade (T2). The sample consisted of elite athletes (n = 482) and recreational athletes (n = 233) attending Norwegian elite sport high schools (n = 26), and reference students (n = 200) attending ordinary high schools with no sport specialization (n = 6). Data were analyzed using Independent sample t-test, Pearson Chi-Square for independence/Fisher’s Exact test, McNemar test and logistic regression analysis. Results: The total 12-months prevalence of SHA was 38.6% at T1 and 35.1% at T2. Most of the participants (74.6-85.0%) reported no change in SHA from T1 to T2. The prevalence of SHA was higher for girls compared to boys, and elite athletes reported less SHA than recreational athletes and reference students, respectively. SHA occurred most often in a free time setting. Verbal SH, non-verbal SH, and physical SHA were reported by 24.6%, 27.0%, and 14.0%, respectively. Peers were reported as perpetrators by 83.1%, trainer/teacher/health personnel by 20.1%, and “other” perpetrators by 56.4%. Conclusions: As one in three elite athletes and nearly one in two recreational athletes and reference students, respectively, reported SHA-victimization within a 12-months period, well-targeted preventive measures are needed for both young athletes and non-athletes.

• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Sølvberg, Nina; Sundgot-Borgen, Christine & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2021). Sexual Harassment in Fitness Instructors: Prevalence, Perpetrators, and Mental Health Correlates. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 12, p. 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735015.
• Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Sundgot-Borgen, Christine; Myklebust, Grethe; Sølvberg, Nina & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2019). Elite athletes get pregnant, have healthy babies and return to sport early postpartum. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. ISSN 2055-7647. 5(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000652. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To enhance knowledge on pregnancy and return to sport in the postpartum period in elite female athletes. Methods: 34 Norwegian elite athletes (33.1 years) and 34 active controls (31.5 years) were asked about training and competitive history, pregnancy-related issues, injuries, body dissatisfaction (BD), drive for thinness (DT), eating disorders (ED) and practical experiences, through a questionnaire and interview. Independent samples T-tests or χ² tests for between-group differences and paired-samples T-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance for within group differences were used. Results: No group differences in fertility problems, miscarriage, preterm birth or low birth weight were found. Both groups decreased training volume all trimesters and the first two postpartum periods compared with prepregnancy, and more athletes returned to sport/exercise at week 0–6 postpartum. We found no group differences in complications during pregnancy and delivery, but athletes reported fewer common complaints. Four athletes experienced stress fracture postpartum. Athletes had higher BD and DT postpartum, while controls reduced DT score. Number of athletes with clinical ED was reduced postpartum, while constant in controls. Athletes were not satisfied with advice related to strength training and nutrition during pregnancy. Conclusion: Elite athletes and active controls get pregnant easily, deliver healthy babies and decrease training during pregnancy and the first postpartum periods compared with prepregnancy. Most athletes and every third control returned to sport or exercise at week 0–6 postpartum. Athletes report stress fractures and increased BD and DT, but decreased ED postpartum. However, since relatively few athletes were included these findings need further investigation.

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• Sølvberg, Nina (2023). Seksuell trakassering og overgrep blant unge idrettsutøvere i Norge.
• Sølvberg, Nina (2023). Prestasjonsjag i idretten (panelsamtale).
• Sølvberg, Nina (2023). Seksuell trakassering blant unge idrettsutøvere.
• Sølvberg, Nina (2023). Sexual Harassment and abuse among adolescent athletes in Norway.
• Sølvberg, Nina (2023). Eating disorders in adolescent athletes. Questionnaire vs. clinical interview.
• Sølvberg, Nina (2022). Seksuell trakassering og overgrep i idretten.
• Sølvberg, Nina (2022). Is Disordered Eating related to Sexual Harassment and Abuse? A Cross-sectional Study of 1182 Young Athletes and Non-athletes.
• Sølvberg, Nina (2022). Sexual Harassment and Abuse among Young Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes, and Reference Students .
• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn & Sølvberg, Nina (2022). A body to present and to perform with. Challenges with eating disorders in young, athlete populations. Show summary

  Aim: To present findings on the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (EDs) in different understudied young, athlete population samples, to present activity specific contexts/cultures in order to understand the findings, and to discuss evidence based preventive strategies and treatment approaches. Content: EDs are found to be more prevalent among high level athletes compared to athletes at lower level and the general population. In the sport context, EDs may be understood by other means than the traditional held theories of thinness internalization or inadequate impulse control. Nevertheless, the prevalence in groups of the population practicing sport at different recreational and professional levels or sorted by age and gender, is understudied. Here, we present findings from cross-sectional studies in young recreational, sub-elite and elite populations, compromising students at elite sport high school, university exercise science students, professional dance students, and professionals from the fitness industry (competing fitness athletes and professional instructors in fitness centres). During the presentations, we will introduce the specific context which may facilitate the progress towards developing DE or an ED in each of these groups, suggestions for preventive measures, and necessary considerations for treatment and recovery in athletes. In the second part of this workshop, we will interact with the audience, and experiences from similar populations, will be up for discussion. Contribution of each speaker: PhD student Nina Sølvberg (15 min) will present findings from her research in elite sport high school athletes, recreational athletes and ordinary high school students aged 16-17 years of age, including a presentation of the context in which the young student athletes study and practice. (15 min). Professor Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen (15 min) will present findings from a survey compromising almost the full sample of professional dance students in Norway, and from a survey among students in exercise physiology from six different Norwegian Sport Universities. Both samples compromise students in the age span of 18 to 50, who are studying to become professionals within their specific area of expertise. The respective, specific conditions under which they practice will be described to understand the theoretical expectations of an increased risk for EDs. PhD Therese Fostervold Mathisen (15 min) will present findings from young adults in the fitness industry aged 18-40 years, either competing as female fitness athletes, or working as professional instructors. In the fitness industry, profiles profit on services argued to improve health, and often fitness athletes and fitness instructors act as role models for healthy lifestyles, contrasting the lifestyle and somatic health issues typically seen in the modern societies. The three presentations aim to increase the awareness of context-specific ED risk factors, and thereby increase the understanding for causes to DEs and EDs in different sporting populations samples. The audience is invited to share experiences from similar population samples, and suggestions for preventive measures. Time for discussion: 45 minutes

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