Anne Marte Pensgaard

• Nilsen, Dag André; Sigurjonsson, Thorsteinn Josef; Ivarsson, Andreas & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2024). Part I of a two-step mixed-methods approach in developing the Growth Talent Mindsets for Sports Coaches Intervention: The design and targeting of the intervention. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. ISSN 1041-3200. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2024.2361692.
• Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Mathisen, Therese Fostervold & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2024). Nye retningslinjer for syndromet relativ energimangel i idrett (REDs). Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 144(6). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.24.0181.
• Ljødal, Ingeborg; Olstad, Bjørn Harald & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2023). Motives, Motivation, and Motivational Climate of Young Norwegian Swimmers, and their Parents’ Belief. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 2000-088X. 14, s. 151–175. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Motivation is important for enjoyment, skill development, and persistence in swimming. The quality and direction of motivation is influenced by a swimmer’s perceived motivational climate, which is created by coaches and parents. The theoretical framework combines self-determination theory and achievement goal theory, to analyse the motives and motivation of swimmers and the influence of social climate on their motivation. Parents greatly impact young children’s participation motives and motivation, but few studies ask parents about their beliefs about their child’s motives and motivation. Online questionnaires were distributed to 11-13-year-old swimmers and their parents. The children responded to five questionnaires measuring sport participation motives, self-determined motivation, goal orientation, coach-initiated motivational climate, and parent-initiated motivational climate. Parents responded to the first two indicating their belief in their child’s motives and self-determined motivation. Results showed that swimmers are predominantly intrinsically motivated, task oriented, and perceive a mastery climate from coaches and parents. Parent’s belief of their child’s motives and self-determined motivation matched the swimmers’ self-reported motives and self-determined motivation. Coaches are shown to impact self-determined motivation and goal orientations to a greater extent than parents. In conclusion, coaches and parents should aim to maintain their current focus on mastery and enjoyment. This can ensure longer participation in and greater enjoyment of the sport, which would lead to further development and improved performance.

• Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Edwards, Carla; Jacobsen, Astrid Urenholdt & Mountjoy, Margo (2023). Intersection of mental health issues and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 57(17), s. 1127–1135. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106867. Vis sammendrag

  Overall athlete health is a stated priority by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), yet it can be difficult for athletes to safely balance nutritional needs, training load, recovery, social interactions, expectations and other demands. The effect of energy intake and, especially, low energy availability (LEA) on athlete mental health, is understudied. In this narrative review, we examine research that has included psychological factors and mental health variables when investigating the effect of LEA, dieting/restrictive eating and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs), since the 2018 IOC consensus statement on REDs. Based on currently available data, early psychological indicators associated with problematic LEA are mood changes, fatigue and psychological conflict. More severe mental health outcomes associated with REDs are reduced well-being, elevated anxiety, depressive symptoms and eating disorders. We propose a psychological model that helps structure how possible risk factors (eg, body dissatisfaction, environmental demands or increased training load) and moderating (eg, gender, sport) and/or potential mediating (eg, social climate, self-esteem) factors are associated with LEA and ultimately REDs. The current scientific literature underscores the importance of including mental health factors when screening for REDs and for developing a clinical approach to address the psychological sequelae of REDs once diagnosed. An interdisciplinary perspective is recommended. Lastly, and importantly, the athlete perspective urges clinicians to not underestimate the drive for success and denial of health consequences that athletes demonstrate when pursuing their sport goals.

• Mountjoy, Margo; Ackerman, Kathryn E.; Bailey, David M.; Burke, Louise M.; Constantini, Naama & Hackney, Anthony C. [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 57(17), s. 1073–1097. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) was first introduced in 2014 by the International Olympic Committee’s expert writing panel, identifying a syndrome of deleterious health and performance outcomes experienced by female and male athletes exposed to low energy availability (LEA; inadequate energy intake in relation to exercise energy expenditure). Since the 2018 REDs consensus, there have been >170 original research publications advancing the field of REDs science, including emerging data demonstrating the growing role of low carbohydrate availability, further evidence of the interplay between mental health and REDs and more data elucidating the impact of LEA in males. Our knowledge of REDs signs and symptoms has resulted in updated Health and Performance Conceptual Models and the development of a novel Physiological Model. This Physiological Model is designed to demonstrate the complexity of either problematic or adaptable LEA exposure, coupled with individual moderating factors, leading to changes in health and performance outcomes. Guidelines for safe and effective body composition assessment to help prevent REDs are also outlined. A new REDs Clinical Assessment Tool-Version 2 is introduced to facilitate the detection and clinical diagnosis of REDs based on accumulated severity and risk stratification, with associated training and competition recommendations. Prevention and treatment principles of REDs are presented to encourage best practices for sports organisations and clinicians. Finally, methodological best practices for REDs research are outlined to stimulate future high-quality research to address important knowledge gaps.

• Øvrebø, Tom Henning; Ivarsson, Andreas; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Reneflot, Anne & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2023). Mental health problems in elite sport: the difference in the distribution of mental distress and mental disorders among a sample of Norwegian elite athletes. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. ISSN 2055-7647. 9(3). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001538. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: To, based on diagnostic interviews, investigate the distribution of mental disorders among a sample of Norwegian elite athletes with ‘at-risk scores’ on a self-report questionnaire measuring symptoms of mental health problems. Then, to investigate the relationship between ‘at-risk scores’ and diagnosed mental disorders. Methods: A two-phase, cross-sectional design was used. In phase 1, 378 elite athletes completed a questionnaire, including validated self-report psychiatric instruments assessing symptoms of mental disorders. In phase 2, we assessed the 30-day presence of the same disorders through diagnostic interviews with the athletes with ‘at-risk scores’ using the fifth version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Two hundred and eighty athletes (74.1%) had an ‘at-risk score,’ and 106 of these athletes (37.9%) completed diagnostic interviews. Forty-seven athletes (44.3%) were diagnosed with a mental disorder. Sleep problems (24.5%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and OCD-related disorders (18.9%), mainly represented by body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), were most common. Anxiety disorders (6.6%), eating disorders (5.7%) and alcohol use disorder (≤4.7%) were less frequent. Affective disorders, gambling and drug use disorder were not present. Results from self-report questionnaires did not, in most cases, adequately mirror the number of mental disorders identified using diagnostic interviews. Conclusions: Using self-report questionnaires to map mental distress among elite athletes can be beneficial. If the aim, however, is to investigate mental disorders, one should move beyond self-report questionnaires and use diagnostic interviews and diagnostic instruments. In our study, sleep problems and BDD were the most prevalent. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate these findings further.

• Nilsen, Dag André; Sigurjonsson, Thorsteinn Josef; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Chroni, Stiliani (2022). Sports Coaches’ Athlete Talent Mindset and Views Regarding Talent Identification in Norway. International Sport Coaching Journal. ISSN 2328-918X. 10(2), s. 141–153. doi: 10.1123/iscj.2022-0010. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We investigated coaches’ mindsets of athletic talent as conceptualised by Dweck (athlete talent mindset, A-TM) along with the athlete age at which they believe talent can be identified. We also looked at the age of talent identification in coaches of different A-TM. Using data collected as part of a survey conducted in Norway, the 3,830 participating coaches were men and women between 16 and 83 years of age. Overall, the coaches held a predominantly growth A-TM. However, older coaches, those not born in Norway, and coaches in athletics, gymnastics, and football were found to have a more fixed A-TM. Regarding their views about talent identification age, one fifth of the coaches believe that talent can be seen before 12 years of age, with football, gymnastics, and swimming coaches and those not born in Norway being more prone to detect talent at younger ages. Analyses also showed that the more fixed A-TM coaches believed that they could identify talented athletes at younger ages; however, not all of them reported such talent identification age views. These findings indicate that coaches’ A-TM and views regarding talent identification operate as two separate beliefs, which may be useful for understanding coaches’ early talent identification and development approaches.

• Meland, Anders; Hoebeke, Elena; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Fonne, Vivianne; Wagstaff, Anthony Sverre & Gaden Jensen, Christian (2021). A Sense of Fellowship: Mindfulness Improves Experienced Interpersonal Benefits and Prosociality in A Military Aviation Unit. The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology. ISSN 2472-1840. 31(2), s. 162–179. doi: 10.1080/24721840.2020.1865818. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Øvrebø, Tom Henning & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Mental health among elite athletes in Norway during a selected period of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. ISSN 2055-7647. 7(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-001025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To investigate the prevalence of mental health problems and satisfaction with life among different groups of elite athletes during a selected period of the COVID-19 pandemic and examine how COVID-19 related consequences were associated with these variables. Design: Cross-sectional data collection during a selected period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Participants: 378 elite athletes, mean age 26.86 (range 18–59), 159 females and 219 males, divided into Olympic-level and Paralympic-level athletes (n=194) and elite and semielite athletes (n=184). Main outcome measures: Hopkins Symptoms Check List − 10; symptoms of anxiety and depression; Bergen Insomnia Scale; Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short; Canadian Problem Gambling Index and Satisfaction with Life Scale. In addition, we included specific COVID-19 questions (eg, financial concern, keeping daily routines, perceived coping and motivation). Results: Symptoms of insomnia (38.3%) and depression (22.3%) were most prevalent within the sample. Symptoms of eating disorders more prevalent among female athletes (8.8% vs 1.4%) while symptoms of gambling problems were higher among male athletes (8.6% vs 1.3%). Olympic and Paralympic athletes reported lower levels of anxiety and depression symptoms than elite and semielite athletes. Financial concerns were associated with an increased risk of mental health problems, while daily routines and perception of coping were associated with less mental health problems and higher satisfaction with life. Conclusion: Symptoms of insomnia and depression were the two most common mental health problems reported during this selected phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Elite and semielite athletes reported financial concerns as a risk factor for mental health problems at a larger degree than Olympic and Paralympic athletes.

• Frøyen, Anne Fylling; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Gustafsson, Henrik (2020). "You can be my coach, but I am the one in charge" An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the importance of the coach-athlete relationship in Norwegian super-elite athletes. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences. ISSN 1598-2939. 32(1), s. 49–68.
• Ekstrand, Jan; Lundqvist, Daniel; Davison, Michael; D'Hooghe, Michel & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2018). Communication quality between the medical team and the head coach/manager is associated with injury burden and player availability in elite football clubs. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099411. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: We investigated medical staff interpretations and descriptions of internal communication quality in elite football teams to determine whether internal communication was correlated with injuries and/or player availability at training and matches. Methods: Medical staff from 36 elite football clubs across 17 European countries produced 77 reports at four postseason meetings to provide their perceptions of internal communications in their teams. They also recorded data on individual players’ exposure to football and time-loss injuries. Results: The injury burden and incidence of severe injuries were significantly higher in teams with low quality of communication between the head coach/manager and the medical team (scores of 1–2 on a 5-point Likert scale) compared with teams with moderate or high-quality scores (scores of 3–5; p=0.008 for both). Teams with low scores had 4%–5% lower training attendance (76% vs 83%, p=0.001) and less availability at matches (82% vs 88%, p=0.004) compared with teams with moderate or high communication quality scores. Conclusions: The quality of internal communication within a team was correlated with injury rates, training attendance and match availability.

• Moen, Frode; Hrozanova, Maria & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2018). The effects of Perceptual-Cognitive training on Subjective Performance in Elite Athletes. The Sport journal. ISSN 1543-9518. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This current study examines if a perceptual-cognitive training program, such as the Neurotracker (NT) 3-dimensional (3D) multiple object tracking (MOT) device, has the potential to improve elite athletes’ performances in dynamic sports. Fifty-four elite athletes from boxing, wrestling, women handball, women soccer, orienteering, biathlon, alpine skiing, sled hockey, badminton and table tennis completed a pre-post quasi experiment over a period of 5 weeks (46% males and 54% females). The results show that the NT baseline scores and subjective performance improved significantly during the experiment. However, subjective performance improved only when learning rate and number of targets were controlled for. The results are discussed in regard of applied implications and possible future research.

• Rosenvinge, Jan H; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Pettersen, Gunn; Martinsen, Marianne; Stornæs, Annett Victoria & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2018). Are adolescent elite athletes less psychologically distressed than controls? A cross-sectional study of 966 Norwegian adolescents. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 1179-1543. 9, s. 115–123. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S156658. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Psychological distress is increasing among adolescents and clusters with other mental health problems such as eating problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of psychological distress among young elite athletes and age-matched controls and whether prevalence figures may be attributed to perfectionism and eating problems. Methods: First-year athletes from all Norwegian elite sport high schools (n=711) and 500 ­students from randomly selected ordinary high schools were eligible for this cross-sectional study. In total, 611 athletes and 355 student controls provided self-report data about psychological distress, perfectionism, and eating problems (ie, body dissatisfaction and a drive for thinness), as well as their physical training/activity. Results: A significantly higher proportion of controls scored above the cutoff point for marked psychological distress. Physical activity above the recommended levels for this age group predicted psychological distress among the controls, while the opposite was found in the student elite athlete sample. In both samples, perfectionistic concerns, ie, concern over mistakes, predicted overall psychological distress. However, among elite athletes, perfectionistic concerns were particularly associated with clinically significant psychological distress. Moreover, the impact of eating problems was negligible. Conclusion: Results from this study highlight the need to target the maladaptive perfectionistic concerns to prevent psychological distress among young athletes as well as among their age-matched nonathlete counterparts.

• Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Ivarsson, Andreas; Nilstad, Agnethe; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Steffen, Kathrin (2018). Psychosocial stress factors, including the relationship with the coach, and their influence on acute and overuse injury risk in elite female football players. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. ISSN 2055-7647. 4(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000317. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The relationship between specific types of stressors (eg, teammates, coach) and acute versus overuse injuries is not well understood. Objective: To examine the roles of different types of stressors as well as the effect of motivational climate on the occurrence of acute and overuse injuries. Methods: Players in the Norwegian elite female football league (n=193 players from 12 teams) participated in baseline screening tests prior to the 2009 competitive football season. As part of the screening, we included the Life Event Survey for Collegiate Athletes and the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (Norwegian short version). Acute and overuse time-loss injuries and exposure to training and matches were recorded prospectively in the football season using weekly text messaging. Data were analysed with Bayesian logistic regression analyses. Results: Using Bayesian logistic regression analyses, we showed that perceived negative life event stress from teammates was associated with an increased risk of acute injuries (OR=1.23, 95% credibility interval (1.01 to 1.48)). There was a credible positive association between perceived negative life event stress from the coach and the risk of overuse injuries (OR=1.21, 95% credibility interval (1.01 to 1.45)). Conclusions: Players who report teammates as a source of stress have a greater risk of sustaining an acute injury, while players reporting the coach as a source of stress are at greater risk of sustaining an overuse injury. Motivational climate did not relate to increased injury occurrence.

• Mæland, Anders; Ishimatsu, Kazuma; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Wagstaff, Athony; Fonne, Vivianne & Garde, Anne helene [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Impact of mindfulness training on physiological measures of stress and objective measures of attention control in a military helicopter unit. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology. ISSN 1050-8414. 25(3-4), s. 191–208. doi: 10.1080/10508414.2015.1162639.
• Meland, Anders; Fonne, Vivianne; Wagstaff, Anthony & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2015). Mindfulness-Based Mental Training in a High-Performance Combat Aviation Population: A One-Year Intervention Study and Two-Year Follow-Up. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology. ISSN 1050-8414. 25(1), s. 48–61. doi: 10.1080/10508414.2015.995572. Vis sammendrag

  This study tested the feasibility and value of mindfulness training (MT) in a Norwegian military combat aircraft squadron (n = 21). No objective measures of performance were included in this study. Subjective measures of mindfulness, mental skills, and performance-related anxiety were administered before and after the intervention, including a semistructured interview at the study’s conclusion after the intervention. Qualitative feedback and measures of mindfulness were collected via e-mail at 12 and 24 months during follow-up. During posttraining, there was a reduction in somatic anxiety related to performance and improvements in self-perceived skills associated with mindfulness, attention regulation, and arousal regulation. Mindfulness scores remained higher throughout the follow-up. Time-consuming plenary sessions and the amount of recommended, out-of-class training were found to be potential drawbacks of MT. Overall the findings indicate that MT might be a viable complement to existing mental training for high-performance populations.

• Bergeron, Michael F; Mountjoy, Margo; Armstrong, Neil; Chia, Michael; Côté, Jean & Emery, Carolyn [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 49(13), s. 843–851. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962. Vis sammendrag

  The health, fitness and other advantages of youth sports participation are well recognised. However, there are considerable challenges for all stakeholders involved—especially youth athletes—in trying to maintain inclusive, sustainable and enjoyable participation and success for all levels of individual athletic achievement. In an effort to advance a more unified, evidence-informed approach to youth athlete development, the IOC critically evaluated the current state of science and practice of youth athlete development and presented recommendations for developing healthy, resilient and capable youth athletes, while providing opportunities for all levels of sport participation and success. The IOC further challenges all youth and other sport governing bodies to embrace and implement these recommended guiding principles.

• Boes, Ragnhild; Harung, Harald S.; Travis, Fred & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2014). Mental and physical attributes defining world-class Norwegian athletes: Content analysis of interviews. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 24(2), s. 422–427. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01498.x. Vis sammendrag

  Abstract This study reports results of a content analysis of interviews with 28 Norwegian world-class athletes and 28 controls, matched for sex, age, and type of sport. Semi-structured interviews explored their perceptions of their best performance. The interviews were analyzed using the Atlas-Ti, and yielded 20 higher-order codes. Nine higher-order codes were categorized as inner-oriented, five were categorized as outer-oriented, and six were a combination of inner- and outer-oriented. Statistical analysis, using the Mann-Whitney test, showed significant group differences for seven higher-order codes: (1) two outer-oriented codes relating to “mastery – achievements” and “training – outer” and (2) five inner-oriented codes relating to “mental preparation,” “self-reliance,” “training – inner,” “wholeness,” “performance – inner” and “growth-orientation.” These findings highlight the importance of both inner-oriented and outer-oriented development for high-level achievement in sports—the “mental game” is as important as the physical game, both during training and competitions. Previously published quantitative data reported higher levels of brain integration, faster habitation to a loud tone, and higher ego and moral development in these world class athletes. These findings are interpreted in light of a Unified Theory of Performance, which proposes that higher mind-brain development provides a basis for greater mental development and higher performance in any activity.

• Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Frøyen, Anne Fylling (2014). Antecedents of need fulfillment among elite athletes and coaches: A qualitative approach. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences. ISSN 1598-2939. 26(1), s. 26–41. doi: 10.24985/ijass.2014.26.1.26.
• Martinsen, Marianne; Holme, Ingar Morten K; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2014). The Development of the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 46(8), s. 1666–1675. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000276. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: The objective of this study is to design and validate a brief questionnaire able to discriminate between female elite athletes with and without an eating disorder (ED). Methods: In phase I, 221 (89.5%) adolescent athletes participated in a screening including the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and questions related to ED. All athletes reporting symptoms associated with ED (n = 96, 94.1%) and a random sample without symptoms (n = 88, 86.3%) attended the ED Examination Interview. On the basis of the screening, we extracted items with good predictive abilities for an ED diagnosis to the Brief ED in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q) versions 1 and 2. Version 1 consisted of seven items from the EDI-Body dissatisfaction, EDI-Drive for thinness, and questions regarding dieting. In version 2, two items from the EDI-Perfectionism subscale were added. In phase II, external predictive validity of version 1 was tested involving 54 age-matched elite athletes from an external data set. In phase III, predictive ability of posttest assessments was determined among athletes with no ED at pretest (n = 53, 100%). Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of ED. Results: Version 2 showed higher discriminative accuracy than version 1 in distinguishing athletes with and without an ED with a receiver operating characteristics area of 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78–0.93) compared with 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74–0.92). In phase II, the accuracy of version 1 was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.63–0.91). In predicting new cases, version 2 showed higher diagnostic accuracy than version 1 with a receiver operating characteristic area of 0.73 (98% CI, 0.52–0.93) compared with 0.70 (95% CI, 0.48–0.92). Conclusion: The BEDA-Q containing nine items reveals good ability to distinguish between female elite athletes with and without an ED. The BEDA-Q’s predictive ability should be tested in larger samples.

• Martinsen, Marianne; Bahr, Roald; Børresen , Runi; Holme, Ingar Morten K; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2014). Preventing Eating Disorders among Young Elite Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 46(3), s. 435–447. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a702fc. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: To examine the effect of a one-year school-based intervention programto prevent the development of new cases of eating disorders (ED) and symptoms associated with ED among adolescent female and male elite athletes. Methods: All 16 Norwegian Elite Sport High Schools were included (intervention group (n=9) and control group (n=7)).In total,465 (93.8%) first-year student athletes were followed during high school (2008 – 2011, 3 school years). The athletes completed the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 and questions related to ED at pre-test, post-test1 and 9-months after the intervention (post-test 2). Clinical interviews (Eating Disorder Examination) were conducted after the pre-test (all with symptoms (n=115, 97%) and a random sample without symptoms (n=116, 97%), and atpost-test 2 all athletes were interviewed (n=463, 99.6%). Results: Among females, there were no new cases of ED in the intervention schools, while 13% at the control schools had developed and fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for ED not otherwise specified (n=7) or bulimia nervosa (n=1), p=0.001. The risk of reporting symptoms was lower in intervention than control schools at post-test 1 (OR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.89). This effect was attenuated by post-test 2 (OR: 0.57, 0.29 to 1.09). The intervention showed a relative risk reduction for current dieting (OR: 0.10, 0.02 to 0.54) and ≥3 weight loss attempts (OR: 0.47, 0.25 to 0.90). Amongmales, there was one new case of ED at post-test 2 (control school), and no difference in the risk of reporting symptoms between groups at post-test 1 or 2. Conclusion: A one-year intervention programcan prevent new cases of ED and symptoms associated with ED in adolescent female elite athletes.

• Thomassen, Tor Oskar; Bauger, Lars & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2013). Achievement motivation, achievement goals, competition anxiety and performance. I Zoglowek, Herbert & Aleksandrovich, Maria (Red.), Psychological and Pedagogical Aspects of Motivation. LIT Verlag. ISSN 978-3-643-90401-0. s. 11–21.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2012). Potentials and Pitfalls: Short-Term Involvement versus Long-Term Involvement in Sport Psychology with Olympic and Paralympic Athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action. ISSN 2152-0704. 3(2), s. 119–126. doi: 10.1080/21520704.2012.683088. Vis sammendrag

  In some occasions, sport psychologists have a long time to prepare their athletes before important competitions. In other instances, the time to work with mental skills might be short. This article shares some of the experiences that two sport psychologists had during their work with Olympic and Paralympic athletes before and during the Olympic Games (2010) in Vancouver, Canada. In particular, the authors will share some of the potentials and pitfalls that both long- and short-term involvement by the sport psychologist might instigate. In short, there are both negative and positive aspects of having a long or short time during the preparation phase. However, we highlight that we prefer to work with athletes over several seasons, because the sport psychologist then has time to see the athletes in action and to help the athletes develop the necessary skills before important competitions.

• Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2012). Longitudinal Changes in Motivational Qimate and Performance Anxiety Among Elite Handball Players. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences. ISSN 1598-2939. 24(1), s. 31–42. doi: 10.24985/ijass.2012.24.1.31. Vis sammendrag

  Elite athletes are under a constant demand of performing well and performance anxiety has been proved a detrimental factor for their performance. There have been few ecologically valid investigations on how changes in environment perceptions might affect self-confidence and performance anxiety. This longitudinal study, from the Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) standpoint, tried to change this lack of research. Elite female and male handball players' perceptions of the motivational climate and its effect on perceived athletic ability and performance anxiety were measured during a full handball season. Two main questions were examined: (1) Do scores on motivational climate, perceived ability, and anxiety differ between male and female elite handball players? The results only revealed gender differences in the worry scale, except in the midseason data where females perceived a significantiy lower performance climate than males. (2) Are changes in perceived motivational climate across a season, associated with changes in anxiety levels? Analyses revealed that female athletes' perceptions of a dwindlig mastery environment were related with a decreasing perception of athletic ability, which in turn was related with more performance worries. No associations were significant with the male players. The findings for females are coherent with AGT predictions. However, future research not to consider why there might be gender differences, because such differences will have applied consequences.

• Harung, Harald; Travis, Fred; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Boes, Ragnhild; Cook-Greuter, Susanne & Daley, Ken (2011). Higher psycho-physiological refinement in world-class Norwegian athletes: brain measures of performance capacity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 21(1), s. 32–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01007.x. Vis sammendrag

  This study tested the hypothesis that the degree of psycho-physiological development is related to performance level in World-class athletes. We compared physiological and psychological patterns of 33 Norwegian World-class athletes to patterns in 33 average performing athletes. The subjects were matched for gender, age, and type of sport. EEG activity was recorded to measure brain integration; skin conductance was recorded to measure habituation to a loud stimulus; and paper-and-pencil tests were given to assess self-development, moral development, and frequency of peak experiences. A factor analysis (varimax rotation) reduced the eight variables to three factors that together accounted for 65.3% of the total variance: 1) Physiological Integration – brain integration and habituation rates, 2) Self- and moral development, and 3) Peak experiences. A MANOVA conducted on the factor-scores showed a significant main effect for the experimental group collapsing across the three factors (p < .0001). Individual ANOVAs showed significantly higher values for Development (p = .021) and Physiological Integration (p < .0001) factor scores for the World-class athletes. The above measures can be seen as different expressions of an underlying dimension – human development. These data support the concept that higher psycho-physiological growth underlies higher performance.

• Dyrstad, Sindre; Giske, Rune; Barlaug, Dag & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2010). Relationship between soldiers' service performance and physical training volume. Journal of military and veterans health. ISSN 1835-1271. 18(2), s. 7–11. Vis sammendrag

  Background: To be able to improve soldiers? service performance it is essential to know what factors influence upon it. Purpose: To examine the relationship between soldiers? service performance and physical training volume during an international peacekeeping mission. Materials and methods: Seventy-one male Norwegian infantry soldiers who had joined a 12-month mission in the Kosovo Force (KFOR) were included. Every soldier reported the daily physical training on a monthly report form, and the soldier?s service performance was evaluated by the closest superior officer. An explorative factor analysis confirmed a four-factor model based on data from previous KFOR soldiers (n=1461). The factors describing soldiers? service performance were: I) professional skills, II) open mindedness, III) mental strength, IV) sociability. The internal reliability was adequate. Results: Physical training volume positively predicted the soldiers? mental strength (R2= 0.08; P= 0.012). Soldiers with high mental strength had a 66% higher mean physical training volume than the soldiers with low mental strength (P<0.05). No relationship was found between the other aspects of soldiers? service performance and physical training volume. Conclusion: Soldiers? physical training volume is associated with soldiers? mental strength, a critically important aspect in stressful situations.

• Bahr, Roald; Steffen, Kathrin; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Bahr, R (2009). Self-reported psychological characteristics as risk factors for injuries in female youth football. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 19(3), s. 442–451. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00797.x. Vis sammendrag

  Identifying and understanding injury risk factors are necessary to target the injury-prone athlete and develop injury prevention measurements. The influence of psychological factors on injuries in football is poorly documented. The purpose of this 8-month prospective cohort study therefore was to examine whether psychological player characteristics assessed by a self-administered questionnaire represent risk factors for injury. At baseline, female football players (14-16 years) were asked to complete a detailed questionnaire covering player history, previous injuries, perception of success and motivational climate, life stress, anxiety and coping strategies. During the 2005 season, a total of 1430 players were followed up to record injuries. A history of a previous injury [odds ratio (OR)=1.9 (1.4; 2.5), P < 0.001] increased the risk of a new injury to the same region. There were significant differences in disfavor for previously injured compared with non-injured players for ego orientation (P=0.007), perception of a performance climate (P=0.003) and experienced stressful life events (P < 0.001). However, only high life stress (P=0.001) and perception of a mastery climate (P=0.03) were significant risk factors for new injuries. In conclusion, a perceived mastery climate and a high level of life stress were significant predictors for new injuries in a cohort of young female football players.

• Raastad, Truls; Holmlund, Heidi & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2008). Restitusjon. I Hallén, Jostein (Red.), Fysisk trening i toppfotball / Jostein Hallén (red.). Akilles forlag. s. 48–58.
• Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Roberts, Glyn C.; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Ronglan, Lars Tore (2008). Perceived ability and social support as mediators of achievement motivation and performance anxiety. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 18(6), s. 810–821. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00707.x. Vis sammendrag

  The present study is founded on achievement goal theory (AGT) and examines the relationship between motivation, social support and performance anxiety with team handball players (n=143) from 10 elite teams. Based on these theories and previous findings, the study has three purposes. First, it was predicted that the female athletes (n=69) would report more performance worries and more social support use than males (n=74). The findings support the hypothesis for anxiety, but not for social support use. However, females report that they felt social support was more available than males. Second, we predicted and found a positive relationship between the interaction of ego orientation and perceptions of a performance climate on performance anxiety, but only for females. As predicted, perceived ability mediated this relationship. Finally, we predicted that perceptions of a performance climate were related to the view that social support was less available especially for the male athletes. Simple correlation supports this prediction, but the regression analyses did not reach significance. Thus, we could not test for mediation of social support between motivational variables and anxiety. The results illustrate that fostering a mastery climate helps elite athletes tackle competitive pressure.

• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2008). Consulting under pressure : how to help an athlete deal with unexpected distracters during Olymic games 2006. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. 6(3), s. 301–307. Vis sammendrag

  Norway has strong traditions when it comes to doing well in Winter Olympics. In 2002 in Salt Lake City, Norway became the best nation (i.e., most gold medals and overall points), and thus the expectations leading up to the 2006 Turin Games in Italy were high. The goal was 25 medals, although it ended up with 19. This was regarded as rather poor results among the Norwegian sports journalists. The evaluation following the Games revealed that illness and lack of mental preparations were two of the key factors to which the athletes attributed the disappointing results. To illustrate the dynamics during the Games and how the expectations and the mixed results influenced one of the athletes and also the work of the sport psychologist, a case is presented. The role of a nation¿s collective efficacy and how it may influence the athletes is discussed, as well as the role of the coach as an important mediator regarding how an athlete may or may not cope during such circumstances.

• Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Roberts, Glyn C. & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2008). Achievement goals and gender effects on multidimensional anxiety in national elite sport. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 9(4), s. 449–464. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.06.005. Vis sammendrag

  Conclusions: The extant motivational climate has an effect on performance anxiety, and coaches would be well advised to consider this when working with national elite athletes. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Roberts, Glyn C. & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). An examination of the factorial structure of the Norwegian version of the sport anxiety scale. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 16(5), s. 358–363. Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of the present research was to develop and validate a Norwegian version of the sport anxiety scale (SAS-N), a multidimensional sport performance trait anxiety inventory. The SAS consists of three unique dimensions measuring somatic anxiety, worry and concentration disruption, respectively. The translation-back translation method was used in development of the SAS-N, and athletes from different sports in Norway (N=282) participated in the study. The findings are similar to those of the English original, and lend support for the use of this instrument with Norwegian athlete subjects.

• Jowett, Sophia; paull, geoff; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; høgmo, per-mathias & Riise, Hege (2005). Coach-Athlete Relationship, USA. Human Kinetics. ISSN 0736045120.
• Standage, Martyn; Duda, Joan & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). The effect of competitive outcome and task-involving, ego-involving, and co-operative structures on the psychological well-being of individuals engaged in a co-ordination task: A self-determination approach. Motivation and Emotion. ISSN 0146-7239. 29(1), s. 44–68.
• Eriksen, Hege; Murison, Robert; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Ursin, Holger (2005). Cognitive activation theory of stress (CATS) : from fish brains to the Olympics. Psychoneuroendocrinology. ISSN 0306-4530. 30(10), s. 933–938. Vis sammendrag

  The Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress (CATS) offers formal and systematic definitions of the terms and concepts used in stress research. The stress response depends on acquired expectancies to the outcome of the stimulus and the available responses. The stress response itself is an alarm, an increase in arousal necessary for performance and adequate reactions to challenges. The response is healthy and necessary for survival. Only when sustained over time may potential health risks occur. The basic rules for when stress occurs are the same across cultures and species, from fish to Olympic performance in humans. The important dimensions for health are positive expectancies of outcome (coping), control, and safety, for all individuals in all species. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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• Gjerset, Asbjørn; Nilsson, Johnny Erik; Helge, Jørn Wulff; Enoksen, Eystein; Raastad, Truls & Meen, Helge Dyre [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Idrettens Treningslære. Gyldendal Undervisning. ISBN 978-82-05-39194-9. 638 s.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Hollingen, Even (2006). Idrettens Mentale Treningslære. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISBN 9788205342460. 160 s.
• Jeppesen, Anne Grethe & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Mental trening i skyting. Eget forl. ISBN 8299718104. 140 s.

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• Mountjoy, Margo; Ackerman, Kathryn E.; Bailey, David M.; Burke, Louise M.; Constantini, Naama & Hackney, Anthony C. [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Avoiding the ‘REDs Card’. We all have a role in the mitigation of REDs in athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 57(17), s. 1063–1064. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106749.
• Nilsen, Dag André; Sigurjonsson, Thorsteinn Josef; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Chroni, Stiliani (2021). Talent-mindset of sports coaches in Norway and their view of athlete talent.
• Martinsen, Marianne; Bahr, Roald; Børresen, Runi; Holme, Ingar Morten K; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2014). Preventing eating disorders among young elite athletes - a randomized controlled trial .
• Martinsen, Marianne; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2014). The Development of the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 46.
• Martinsen, Marianne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2014). Vinner “International Clinical Scholar Award”: The Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q).
• Martinsen, Marianne; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2013). How To Fight Eating Disorders Among Adolescent Elite Athletes - A Cluster-randomized Intervention Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 45(5), s. 691–691.
• Martinsen, Marianne; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2013). How to fight eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes - a cluster-randomized intervention study.
• Martinsen, Marianne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2013). The Brief Eating Disorder in Sport-Questionnaire (BEDS-Q) - ny enkel metode tilpasset unge kvinnelige elite-idrettsutøvere. Norsk idrettsmedisin. ISSN 0806-9328.
• Martinsen, Marianne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2013). The brief eating disorder in sport-questionnaire (BEDS-Q) - ny enkel metode tilpasset unge kvinnelige elite-idrettsutøvere.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2012). Dr. Anne Mette Pensgaard. I Aoyagi, Mark W. & Poczwardowski, Artur (Red.), Expert approaches to sport psychology : applied theories of performance excellence. Fitness information Technology. ISSN 978-1-935412-36-6. s. 185–200.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2010). iMax:Focus.
• Røen, Guro; Martinsen, Marianne; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2010). Body image and contingent self-esteem among adolescent elite athletes and non-athlete controls.
• Eriksson, Audun; Vada, Erlend; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2009). Mannlige tidligere eliteidrettsutøvere forblir fysisk aktive etter endt karriere. Norsk idrettsmedisin. ISSN 0806-9328.
• Eriksson, Audun; Vada, Erlend; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2009). Mannlige tidligere eliteidrettsutøvere forblir fysisk aktive etter endt karriere.
• Bahr, Roald; Steffen, Kathrin & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2008). SELF-REPORTED PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS RISK FACTORS FOR INJURIES IN FEMALE YOUTH FOOTBALL. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674.
• Engebretsen, Anders Hauge; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Holme, Ingar; Engebretsen, Lars & Bahr, Roald (2008). SELF-REPORTED PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS RISK FACTORS FOR INJURIES AMONG MALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674.
• Steffen, Kathrin; Bahr, Roald & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2008). SELF-REPORTED INJURY HISTORY AND LOWER-LIMB FUNCTION AS RISK FACTORS FOR INJURIES IN FEMALE YOUTH FOOTBALL. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674.
• Bahr, Roald; Steffen, Kathrin & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2008). Self-reported psycological characteristics as risk factors for injuries in female youth football.
• Engebretsen, Anders Hauge; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Holme, Ingar; Engebretsen, Lars & Bahr, Roald (2008). Self-reported psychological characteristics as risk factors for injuries among male football players.
• Engebretsen, Anders Hauge; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Engebretsen, Lars & Bahr, Roald (2007). Selvrapporterte psykologiske variabler som risikofaktorer for skader blant mannlige fotballspillere. Norsk idrettsmedisin. ISSN 0806-9328.
• Engebretsen, Anders Hauge; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Bahr, Roald & Engebretsen, Lars (2007). Selvrapporterte psykologiske variabler som risikofaktorer for skader blant mannlige fotballspillere.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Kampforberedelser i håndball.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Forskjeller og likheter mellom kvinner og menn i lagidrett.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Bryte grenser!
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Mental trening - Hva kjennetegner de som lykkes?
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Motivasjon og mestring av stress.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Et godt læringsmiljø.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Mentale forberedelser til konkurranse - trenerens rolle.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Psykologi og skader.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Visualisering.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). Prestasjonspsykologi - Mental trening.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2006). The path less travelled : the mental preparation program for the Norwegian female soccer team, Olympic Champions 2000, Proceedings for the 21st Annual Conference AAASP, Miami Florida. Vis sammendrag

  In this symposium, I will present my work as a mental training consultant with the Norwegian female soccer team focusing on the period following the World Championship in 1999 and ending with the final in the Olympic Games in September 2000 were the team won the Gold medal. I will outline my core philosophy with use of mental training through physical training and use of nature as a mental trainer, both integrated in a humanistic approach (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 1985, Orlick 1990). After the WC, which was a disappointing championship for the team, - finishing 4th, we involved everybody in a goal-setting process in order to set a common goal for the upcoming Olympics. Five training-camps were conducted prior to the Games. The themes on the different camps were ?Mental toughness?, ?Concentration and refocus?, and ?Why we will succeed?. On the last camp before we left for Australia we had a camp in the Northern parts of Norway. Closeness to nature is an important part of the Norwegian culture and the spectacular surroundings in Northern Norway provided a perfect venue for the final stages of the team?s mental and physical preparation before leaving for the games. Again, on the pre-camp in Surfers Paradise in Australia, nature was an important theme and formed an integral part. During the Olympic Games itself the main emphasis was on a ?We can do this? attitude. Paralleling the work with the athletes, I also worked closely with the coaches. Especially during the Olympics we had daily meetings were the psychological statuses of the players were discussed as well as constructive coaching behaviour. Strengths and limitations with this educational approach will be discussed. Preparing for the upcoming Olympic Games in Beijing 2008, a similar approach will be followed.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Roberts, Glyn C.; Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Standage, Martyn (2006). What makes for a psychologically healthful versus risky soccer engagement? The role of the motivational climate, Abstract book AIESEP World Congress 2006. Vis sammendrag

  Current approaches to well-being and ill-being of sport participation suggest that differences in the sport context may mediate the influence of participation on its outcomes. In the present study we hypothesized that the motivational climate represents a mediator influencing potential beneficial and aversive psychosocial outcomes of soccer involvement. Participants were 283 experienced young soccer players (aged 12-16 years) taking part in an international youth soccer tournament. Several scales assessing different cognitions, affective states, self-reported behaviours and indices of psychosocial health were administered. Multivariate analyses as well as follow-up canonical correlation analyses revealed that a predominantly task involving motivational climate was linked to psychologically healthy soccer involvement outcomes (RC1 = .54). These outcome variables comprised self-determined sport motivation, satisfaction of fundamental psychological needs, positive affect, the absence of dysfunctional self-protective tactics, the absence health compromising perfectionism and finally harmonious passion for soccer. In contrast, an ego involving motivational climate was linked to negative psychological health outcomes from soccer involvement (RC2 = .38).

• Pensgaard, Anne Marte & høgmo, per-mathias (2005). Hvordan gjøre hverandre gode?
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Tøff Hockey.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Idrettspsykologi i Norge.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Hvordan er de beste?
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Psykologi og skader.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). The psychology of elite sport.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Information overload: A coping strategy for the coach?
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte & McArdle, Siobhain (2005). Self-evaluation tendencies and self-determination in young elite athletes: The Role of Perfectionistic Self-Beliefs.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Mental trening i fotball: Hva - hvordan- hvorfor.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Mental Trening blant unge utøvere.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Mentale utviklingsstrapper.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Mental trening i golf.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Med Hodet Først. Vis sammendrag

  DVD om mental trening. Bidrag fra 6 noske toppidrettsutøvere: Morten Gamst Pederesen, Suzann "Tutta" Pettersen,Sigurd Pettersen, Gro Hammerseng, Bjørnar Erikstad & Andreas Thorkildsen

• Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Roberts, Glyn C. & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Motivation and Preferred Stress Coping Strategies among Elite Level Athletes. Vis sammendrag

  The study examined the effect of gender, motivational orientation, and motivational climate on preferred stress coping strategies among elite athletes. A total of 190 athletes from different individual sports participated. Participants included athletes on junior national teams, and teams participating in the 2004 National Championships in Norway. Questionnaires included the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ), the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ), and the Brief Cope. The POSQ and PMCSQ provided adequate reliability. Some items were deleted from subscales to heighten internal consistency, which gave Ego orientation (&#945; = .86), Task Orientation (&#945; = .84), Performance Climate (&#945; = .82), and Task Climate (&#945; = .80). The Brief Cope consists of fourteen sub dimensions consisting of two items each, where internal reliability ranged between &#945; = 46 and &#945; = 79 for these subscales. Higher order stress coping strategies gave adequate reliability as well; problem focused (PF &#945; = .79) and emotional focused strategies (EF &#945; = .83). It has been forwarded that male and female athletes competing at high level share the same motivational profiles. Therefore a MANOVA over the motivational variables was conducted, and as expected; there were no gender differences. ANOVA was conducted over the higher order stress coping strategies, because gender differences have previously been reported. No difference was found on problem focused strategies, however females reported to use emotional stress coping strategies more often than males. Motivational orientations (men and women together) were significantly correlated with problem focused coping strategies. Further analyses are provided, identifying the subscales which contributed most to the results. Discussion of the results and suggestions for future research is provided as well.

• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2005). Ikke glem den mentale treningen. ?. 17(2), s. 16–17.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Mentale strategier.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Fokus under kamp.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Kampforberedelser.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Psykologi & skader.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Mentale forberedelser til Athen 2004.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Mental trening i teori og praksis.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Motivasjon.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Idrettspsykologi, del 2.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Idrettspsykologi, del 1.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Mental trening i fotball for spiller og trener.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Lagutvikling.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Mental trening i næringslivet.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2004). Bruk av visualisering, Paralympics.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Rimehaug, Gaute (2004). Mental Trening 1: Intro, 2: Progressiv avspenning - lang, 3: Progressiv avspenning - kort, 4: Målbilde, 5: Tro, 6: Intrsumental program 4 & 5, 7: Takle Motgang, 8: Instrumental program 5, 9: Konkurranseforberedelser, 10: Instrumental program 6.

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