May Grydeland

• Bratteteig, Mari; Rüegg, Corina Silvia; Raastad, Truls; Grydeland, May; Torsvik, Ingrid Kristin & Schindera, Christina [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adolescent Childhood Cancer Survivors Compared to Controls: The Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors Study. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology. ISSN 2156-5333. s. 1–9. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2023.0063. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: Childhood cancer survivors have increased risk of cardiac late effects that can be potentially mitigated by physical activity and fitness. We aimed to (1) compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk between survivors and controls, and (2) examine whether the associations of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and musculoskeletal fitness (MSF) with CVD risk factors differed between survivors and controls. Methods: Within the Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors (PACCS) study, we assessed CVD risk factors (android fat mass, systolic blood pressure [SBP], total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol, and glycosylated hemoglobin) in 157 childhood cancer survivors and 113 age- and sex-matched controls aged 9–18 years. We used multivariable mixed linear regression models to compare CVD risk factors between survivors and controls, and assess associations of MVPA, CRF, and MSF with CVD risk factors. Results: Compared with controls, survivors had more android fat mass (861 vs. 648 g, p = 0.001) and lower SBP (114 vs. 118 mmHg, p = 0.002). MVPA, CRF, and MSF were associated with lower levels of android fat mass and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol, and higher SBP in survivors. Associations of MVPA, CRF, and MSF with CVD risk factors were similar in survivors and controls (Pinteraction > 0.05), except the associations of CRF and MSF with android fat mass, which were stronger in survivors than in controls (Pinteraction ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Owing to higher levels of android fat mass and its stronger association with physical fitness in childhood cancer survivors compared with controls, survivors should get targeted interventions to increase fitness to reduce future risk of CVD.

• Grydeland, May; Bratteteig, Mari; Rüegg, Corina Silvia; Lie, Hanne Cathrine; Thorsen, Lene & Larsen, Elna Hamilton [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Physical Activity Among Adolescent Cancer Survivors: The PACCS Study. Pediatrics. ISSN 0031-4005. 152(3). doi: 10.1542/peds.2023-061778. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  OBJECTIVES: Physical activity (PA) may modify risks of late effects after cancer. We aimed to examine levels of PA and sedentary time (ST) in a large, international sample of adolescent childhood cancer survivors in relation to sociodemographic and cancer-related factors and compare levels of PA and ST to reference cohorts. METHODS: Survivors from any cancer diagnosis who had completed cancer treatment ≥1 year ago, aged 9 to 16 years, were eligible for the multicenter Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors study. PA and ST were measured by ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers. We performed linear regression analyses to assess factors associated with moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST, and compared marginal means of total PA, MVPA, and ST in 432 survivors to sex- and age-stratified references (2-year intervals) using immediate t-tests for aggregated data. RESULTS: Among survivors, 34% fulfilled the World Health Organization’s PA recommendation of ≥60 min of daily MVPA on average and their ST was 8.7 hours per day. Being female, older, overweight, a survivor of central nervous system tumor, or having experienced relapse were associated with lower MVPA and/or higher ST. Generally, male survivors spent less time in MVPA compared with references, whereas female survivors had similar levels. Both male and female survivors had higher ST than references in nearly all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The low PA and high ST in this large sample of adolescent childhood cancer survivors is worrisome. Combined, our results call for targeted interventions addressing both PA and ST in follow-up care after childhood cancer.

• Matlary, Ruth Elise Dybvik; Grydeland, May; Glosli, Heidi; Rüegg, Corina Silvia & Holme, Pål Andre (2023). Factors associated with physical activity in young people with haemophilia A on prophylaxis. Haemophilia. ISSN 1351-8216. 29(3), s. 900–909. doi: 10.1111/hae.14776. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is influenced by numerous factors, and the literature describing why people with haemophilia (PWH) are physically active or not is inconclusive. Aims: To investigate factors associated with PA (mean min/day in light (LPA), moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA) and total PA, and proportion meeting World Health Organization (WHO) weekly moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) recommendations) among young PWH A. Methods: Forty PWH A on prophylaxis from the HemFitbit study were included. PA was measured using Fitbit devices and participant characteristics were collected. Potential factors associated with PA were investigated by univariable linear regression models for continuous PA outcomes, and descriptively for teenagers meeting/not meeting WHO MVPA recommendations only, because all except one adult met PA recommendations. Results: Mean age (n = 40) was 19.5 years (SD 5.7). Annual bleeding rate was nearly zero and joint scores were low. We found an increase of four min/day in LPA (95% confidence interval (CI) 1–7) per year increase in age. Participants with ‘Haemophilia Early Arthropathy Detection with Ultrasound’ (HEAD-US) score ≥1 engaged in mean 14 min/day less MPA (95% CI −23.2 to −3.8), and 8 min less VPA (95% CI −15.0 to −0.4) compared to participants with HEAD-US score 0. Teenagers who met PA recommendations had slightly better joint status compared to those who did not meet recommendations. Conclusion: These findings indicate that presence of mild arthropathy does not affect LPA but may have a negative impact on PA of higher intensities. Early start of prophylaxis may be an important determinant of PA.

• Matlary, Ruth Elise Dybvik; Grydeland, May; Glosli, Heidi; Rüegg, Corina Silvia & Holme, Pål Andre (2023). Physical activity in Norwegian teenagers and young adults with haemophilia A compared to general population peers. Haemophilia. ISSN 1351-8216. doi: 10.1111/hae.14752. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Limited evidence exists on objectively measured habitual physical activity (PA) of young people with haemophilia (PWH). Aims: To compare different outcomes of objective PA between young PWH A and controls using a commercial activity tracker. Methods: We enrolled males aged 13–30 years with moderate and severe haemophilia A, without inhibitors on regular prophylaxis. PA was measured with the activity tracker Fitbit Charge 3 for 12 weeks. Control group data was obtained from ≈60,000 Fitbit users, matched on age, sex and measurement period. PA variables [steps, intensities, volume, activity types, exercise frequencies and proportion meeting the World Health Organization's moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) recommendations] were compared between groups descriptively and using Welch's two-sample t-test and two-sample test of proportions. Results: Forty PWH A were enrolled (mean age 19.5 years, 50% teenagers, 50% adults, three (7.5%) with moderate and 37 (92.5%) with severe haemophilia). Mean daily steps and minutes MVPA were similar between PWH and controls. PWH spent more time in light PA (mean 227 vs. 192 min/day, P = .033) and exercised more frequently (mean 5.6 vs. 3.9 exercise sessions/week, P < .001). Among teenagers, 40% PWH and 8% controls reached MVPA recommendations, compared to 95% and 100% among adults. The most common type of PA was walking. Conclusion: This cohort of young PWH A on prophylactic treatment had PA levels comparable to controls. Still, a considerable proportion of teenagers did not meet the recommended weekly volume of MVPA, and we encourage clinicians to have a particular focus on promoting PA for this group.

• Götte, Miriam; Basteck, Simon; Beller, Ronja; Gauß, Gabriele; Schmidt, Steffen & Burchartz, Alexander [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Physical activity in 9–15 year-old pediatric cancer survivors compared to a nationwide sample. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. ISSN 0171-5216. doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-04392-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Sufficient physical activity (PA) has the potential to mitigate late effects of cancer, but objective data of PA levels in adolescents are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in PA behavior between childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and healthy peers. Methods: PA levels of n = 74 CCS and n = 1304 healthy peers from the MoMo study aged 9–15 years were assessed with validated objective accelerometry and group means were compared. A binary multiple logistic regression was performed to investigate the potential predictors of PA. Results: CCS spent significantly more time sedentary (p < 0.001) and less time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p = 0.002) compared to the healthy cohort. Subgroup analysis revealed the largest deviations of PA levels for CCS aged 9–11 years who fulfilled international PA recommendations on significantly fewer days than MoMo (p < 0.01). Health conditions seem to be a predictor concerning the fulfillment of international PA recommendations by the WHO (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Our study identified vulnerable groups which seem to require targeted exercise and health behavior change programs to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary time. The presence of treatment sequelae as a significant predictor of insufficient physical activity underlines the need of multidisciplinary supportive care approaches.

• Bratteteig, Mari; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Rueegg, Corina Silvia; Ruud, Ellen; Torsvik, Ingrid Kristin & Kriemler, Susi [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Device-measured physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in adolescent childhood cancer survivors. A physical activity in childhood cancer survivors (PACCS) study. Frontiers in pediatrics. ISSN 2296-2360. 10. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.977365. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: We aimed to compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) with age- and sex-stratified reference material and examine the association between physical activity (PA) intensities and CVD risk factors in CCS. Materials and methods: Within the cross-sectional, multicenter Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors (PACCS) study, we collected data on CVD risk factors [VO2–peak (mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1), body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (SBP, mmHg), and total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (Total/HDL)] among CCS aged 9–18 years. CVD risk factors were compared to references with immediate t-tests. We transformed CVD risk factors into z-scores based on international references and generated an individual CVD risk score: [inverse ZVO2–peak + ZBMI + ZSBP + ZTotal/HDL)/4]. Multivariable mixed linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between device-measured PA intensities and CVD risk factors. Results: We included 157 CCS aged on average 13.4 years at inclusion and 8.2 years from diagnosis. Male CCS had lower VO2–peak compared to references (45.4 vs. 49.4 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1, P = 0.001), higher diastolic BP (67 vs. 63 mmHg, P < 0.001), lower HDL (1.35 vs. 1.44 mmol/L, P = 0.012), as well as a tendency to higher CVD risk score (z-score=0.14 vs. 0.00, P = .075). Female CCS’ CVD risk factors were comparable to references. Vigorous-intensity PA (VPA) was associated with CVD risk factors. A 10-min increase in VPA was associated with higher VO2–peak (β = 4.9, 95% CI, 2.1–7.7), lower Total/HDL (β = −0.3, 95% CI, −0.6 to −0.1) and a lower CVD risk score (β = −0.4, 95% CI, −0.6 to −0.2). Conclusion: Male adolescent CCS had less favorable values of CVD risk factors compared to references. VPA in adolescent CCS is associated with clinically meaningful favorable values of CVD risk factors.

• Dalene, Knut Eirik; Kolle, Elin; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Ekelund, Ulf & Grydeland, May [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Device-measured sedentary time in Norwegian children and adolescents in the era of ubiquitous internet access: secular changes between 2005, 2011 and 2018. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 51(5), s. 1556–1567. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyac063. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Access to screen-based media has been revolutionized during the past two decades. How this has affected sedentary time (ST) accumulation in children is poorly understood. Methods: This study, based on the Physical Activity among Norwegian Children Study (PANCS), uses accelerometer data from population-based samples of 9- and 15‐year-olds, collected in 2005 (n = 1722), 2011 (n = 1587) and 2018 (n = 1859). Secular changes between surveys were analysed using random-effects linear regression models adjusted for survey-specific factors. Data on ST were collected using hip-worn ActiGraphs and ST was defined using a threshold equivalent to <100 counts/min. Sedentary bouts were grouped by duration: <1, 1–5, 5–15, 15–30 and ≥30 min. Results: Between 2005 and 2018, ST increased by 29 min/day in 9-year-old boys (95% CI: 19, 39; P <0.001), by 21 min/day in 15-year-old boys (95% CI: 8, 34; P = 0.002) and by 22 min/day in 15-year-old girls (95% CI: 10, 35; P <0.001), but not in 9-year-old girls at 6 min/day (95% CI: -3, 16; P = 0.191). All age-sex groups accumulated less ST in bouts lasting <5 min and more ST in longer bouts, particularly in 5–15-min bouts. Adolescent girls also increased ST accumulation in 15–30-min and ≥30-min bouts. Changes were largely mirrored before, during and after school on weekdays and during weekend days. Conclusions: Coinciding with the introduction of smartphones, tablets and near-universal internet access, total daily ST and ST accumulated in prolonged sedentary bouts increased between 2005 and 2018 in children and adolescents.

• Matlary, Ruth Elise Dybvik; Holme, Pål Andre; Glosli, Heidi; Rueegg, Corina Silvia & Grydeland, May (2022). Comparison of free-living physical activity measurements between ActiGraph GT3X-BT and Fitbit Charge 3 in young people with haemophilia. Haemophilia. ISSN 1351-8216. s. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/hae.14624. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Measurement of physical activity (PA) using commercial activity trackers such as Fitbit devices has become increasingly popular, also for people with haemophilia (PWH). The accuracy of the Fitbit model Charge 3 has not yet been examined. Aims: To compare the Fitbit Charge 3 against the research-grade accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X-BT in measuring average daily steps and minutes spent in different PA intensities. Methods: Twenty-four young PWH wore a wrist-worn Fitbit Charge 3 and hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X-BT simultaneously for seven consecutive days in free-living conditions. Correlation of and differences between the devices for daily averages of PA parameters were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and paired t-test, respectively. Agreement between devices was assessed using Bland-Altman plots. Results: Twenty participants (mean age 21.8) were included in the analyses. We found moderate to high correlations between Fitbit and ActiGraph measured daily averages for all PA variables, but statistically significant differences between devices for all variables except daily minutes of moderate PA. Fitbit overestimated average daily steps, minutes of light, vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous PA. Bland-Altman plots showed a measurement bias between devices for all parameters with increasing overestimation by the Fitbit for higher volumes of PA. Conclusion: The Fitbit Charge 3 overestimated steps and minutes of light, moderate and moderate-to-vigorous PA as compared to the ActiGraph GT3X-BT, and this bias increased with PA volume. The Fitbit should therefore be used with caution in research, and we advise users of the device to be cognizant of this overestimation.

• Gjølme, Egil Galaaen & Grydeland, May (2021). Drukningsforebyggende arbeid og water competence. I Gjølme, Egil Galaaen (Red.), Utendørs svømme- og livredningsopplæring. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215034423. s. 35–54.
• Gjølme, Egil Galaaen & Grydeland, May (2021). Utendørs svømming og livredning. I Gjølme, Egil Galaaen (Red.), Utendørs svømme- og livredningsopplæring. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215034423. s. 15–33.
• Kolle, Elin; Solberg, Runar Barstad; Säfvenbom, Reidar; Dyrstad, Sindre Mikal; Berntsen, Sveinung & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength: the School in Motion cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 17. doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-01060-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Physical activity (PA) declines throughout adolescence, therefore PA promotion during this period is important. We analyzed the effect of two school-based PA interventions on daily PA levels, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle strength among adolescents. Methods: For the nine-month School in Motion intervention study (ScIM), we cluster-randomized 30 Norwegian secondary schools (N = 2084, mean age [SD] = 14 [0.3] years) to one of three study arms. The physically active learning (PAL) intervention included 30 min physically active learning, 30 min PA and a 60 min physical education (PE) lesson per week. The Don’t worry-Be happy (DWBH) intervention included a 60 min PA lesson and a 60 min PE lesson per week, both tailored to promote friendships and wellbeing. Both intervention arms were designed to engage the adolescents in 120 min of PA per week in addition to recess and mandatory PE lessons. The control group continued as per usual, including the standard amount of mandatory PE. PA (main outcome) was assessed by accelerometers, CRF and muscle strength (secondary outcomes) were assessed by an intermittent running test and selected tests from the Eurofit test battery. Results: Daily PA and time spent in moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) decreased in all groups throughout the intervention. The mean difference in PA level and MVPA for participants in the PAL-intervention arm was 34.7 cpm (95% CI: 4.1, 65.3) and 4.7 min/day (95% CI: 0.6, 8.8) higher, respectively, compared to the control arm. There were no significant intervention effects on daily PA level, MVPA or time spent sedentary for adolescents in the DWBH-intervention arm. Adolescents in the PAL-intervention arm increased distance covered in the running test compared to controls (19.8 m, 95% CI: 10.4, 29.1), whilst a negative intervention effect was observed among adolescents in the DWBH-intervention arm (− 11.6 m, 95% CI: − 22.0, − 1.1). Conclusion: The PAL-intervention resulted in a significantly smaller decrease in daily PA level, time spent in MVPA, and increased CRF compared to controls. Our results indicate that a teacher-led intervention, including three unique intervention components, is effective in curbing the decline in PA observed across our cohort and improving CRF.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Arah, Onyebuchi A.; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Andersen, Lene Frost; Bjelland, Mona & Grydeland, May [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Factors affecting the dose of intervention received and the participant satisfaction in a school-based obesity prevention intervention. Preventive Medicine Reports. ISSN 2211-3355. 15. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100906. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study assessed factors associated with the perceived dose of intervention received and with the participantsatisfaction in a school-based obesity prevention intervention. It also explored the variance in the dose of in-tervention received that was at the school level. Process evaluation data from a school-based intervention studyconducted in Oslo in 2007–2009 were used. A total of 542 11-year-olds from 12 intervention schools wereincluded. A web-based questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive analyses and multilevel regressionanalyses were conducted. Females and those with medium (vs. low) parental education had higher odds ofreporting a high vs. low dose of intervention received at mid-way (8 months after baseline). Perceived socialcapital and perceived social support for physical activity from friends at baseline were positively associated withthe dose of intervention received at mid-way. Perceived social capital at mid-way was positively associated withthe dose of intervention reported post-intervention (20 months after baseline). Around 20% of the variance inthe perceived dose of intervention received was at the school level. Satisfaction with the intervention was highoverall and higher for females for several intervention components at mid-way and at post-intervention. Thefactors identified in this study should be taken into consideration when planning future obesity preventioninterventions among youth.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Arah, Onyebuchi A.; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Andersen, Lene Frost; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Totland, Torunn Holm [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Gender-specific mediators of the association between parental education and adiposity among adolescents: the HEIA study. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43604-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Identifying the mechanisms behind socioeconomic inequalities in adiposity among youth is vital for efforts aimed at combating these inequalities. The study explored whether a broad range of behavioral and familial factors mediated the associations between parental education and indicators of adiposity among adolescents. Baseline data from a school-based intervention study conducted in 2007 among 11-year-old adolescents were used. Anthropometric outcomes, physical activity and sedentary time among adolescents were objectively measured. Other behavioral variables and parental waist circumference were self-reported. Mediation analyses were conducted. Among boys, maternal waist circumference (WC), paternal WC and TV viewing mediated 16%, 11.5% and 13% of the association between parental education and adolescent WC. The respective proportions when body fat percentage was used as the outcome variable were 22.5%, 16% and 21%. Among girls, maternal and paternal WC mediated 20% and 14% of the association between parental education and WC. The respective proportions when body fat percentage was used as the outcome variable were 14% and 10%. Other included variables did not play any mediating role. Parental WC was found to be a mediator of socioeconomic differences in adiposity in both genders; underlying mechanisms were however not investigated. Among boys, reducing TV time could contribute to the reduction of social inequalities in adiposity.

• Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Grydeland, May & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2018). Måling av fysisk aktivitet og fysisk form. I Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Berntsen, Sveinung & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (Red.), Fysisk aktivitet og helse: Fra begrepsforståelse til implementering av kunnskap. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202568313. s. 62–91.
• Kolle, Elin & Grydeland, May (2018). Begrepsavklaringer. I Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Berntsen, Sveinung & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (Red.), Fysisk aktivitet og helse: Fra begrepsforståelse til implementering av kunnskap. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202568313. s. 40–54.
• Olstad, Bjørn Harald; Grydeland, May; Vaz, Joao Rocha; Zinner, Christoph; Cabri, Jan Maria Hendrick & Kjendlie, Per-Ludvik (2015). Muscle Activation of World-Class Breaststroke Swimmers. I Radmann, Aage; Hedenborg, S & Tsolakidis, E (Red.), 20th annual Congress of the EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE 24th - 27th June 2015, Malmö – Sweden BOOK OF ABSTRACTS. European College of Sport Science. ISSN 978-91-7104-567-6. s. 469–469. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0703.
• Bjelland, Mona; Hausken, Solveig E. Sand; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May; Klepp, Knut Inge & Andersen, Lene Frost [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Changes in adolescents’ and parents’ intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables after 20 months : results from the HEIA study - a comprehensive, multi-component school-based randomized trial. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 59:25932. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v59.25932.
• Gebremariam, Mekdes; Andersen, Lene Frost; Bjelland, Mona; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Totland, Torunn Holm & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Are weight-related attitudes and behaviours associated with the accuracy of BMI derived from self-reported weight and height among 13-year-olds? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 43(2), s. 130–137. doi: 10.1177/1403494814563370.
• Grydeland, May; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Ried-Larsen, Mathias; Kolle, Elin & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (2014). Comparison of three generations of ActiGraph activity monitors under free-living conditions: Do they provide comparable assessments of overall physical activity in 9-year old children? BMC sports science, medicine and rehabilitation. ISSN 2052-1847. 6(1). doi: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-26.
• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; van Stralen, Maartje M.; Bjelland, Mona; Grydeland, May; Lien, Nanna & Klepp, Knut Inge [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Post-intervention effects on screen behaviours and mediating effect of parental regulation : the HEalth In Adolescents study – a multi-component school-based randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 14(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-200. Vis sammendrag

  Background: To improve effectiveness of future screen behaviour interventions, one needs to know whether an intervention works via the proposed mediating mechanisms and whether the intervention is equally effective among subgroups. Parental regulation is identified as a consistent correlate of screen behaviours, but prospective evidence as well as the mediation role of parental regulation is largely lacking. This study investigated postintervention main effects on screen behaviours in the HEIA-intervention – a Norwegian school-based multiplebehaviour study, as well as mediation effects of parental regulation by adolescents’ and parents’ report. In addition, moderating effects of gender and weight status on the intervention and mediating effects were explored. Methods: Participating schools were randomized to control (n = 25) or intervention (n = 12) condition. Adolescents (n = 908 Control; 510 Intervention) self-reported their weekday and weekend TV-viewing and computer/game-use. Change in adolescents’ behaviours was targeted through school and parents. Adolescents, mothers (n = 591 Control; 244 Interventions) and fathers (n = 469 Control; 199 Intervention) reported parental regulation of the screen behaviours post-intervention (at 20 month). The product-of-coefficient test using linear regression analysis was conducted to examine main and mediating effects. Results: There was no intervention effect on the screen behaviours in the total sample. Gender moderated effect on weekend computer/game-use, while weight status moderated the effect on weekday TV-viewing and computer/game-use. Stratified analyses showed a small favourable intervention effect on weekday TV-viewing among the normal weight. Parental regulation did not mediate change in the screen behaviours. However, stronger parental regulation was associated with less TV-viewing and computer/game-use with effects being conditional on adolescents’ versus parental reports. Parental regulation of the screen behaviours, primarily by the parental report, was associated with change in the respective behaviours. Conclusion: Multiple behaviour intervention may not affect all equally well, and the effect may differ by weight status and gender. In future interventions parents should be encouraged to regulate their adolescents’ TV-viewing and computer/game-use on both weekdays and weekends as parental regulation was identified as a determinant of these screen behaviours. However, future intervention studies may need to search for more effective intervention strategies targeting parental regulation.

• Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Klepp, Knut Inge; Bergh, Ingunn Holden & Andersen, Lene Frost [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Effects of a 20-month cluster randomised controlled school-based intervention trial on BMI of school-aged boys and girls: The HEIA study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 48(9), s. 768–773. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092284. Vis sammendrag

  Background: School-based interventions that target prevention of overweight and obesity in children have been tested with mixed results. Thus, successful interventions are still called for. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of a multicomponent school-based intervention programme targeting physical activity, sedentary and dietary behaviours on anthropometric outcomes. Methods: A 20-month intervention was evaluated in a cluster randomised, controlled study of 1324 11-year-olds. Outcome variables were body mass index (BMI), BMI-for-age z-score (BMIz), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WTHR) and weight status (International Obesity Task Force's cut-offs). Weight, height and WC were measured objectively; pubertal status was self-reported and parental education was self-reported by the parents. Intervention effects were determined by one-way analysis of covariance and logistic regression, after checking for clustering effects of school, and moderating effects of gender, pubertal status and parental education. Results: Beneficial effects were found for BMI (p=0.02) and BMIz (p=0.003) in girls, but not in boys. While a beneficial effect was found for BMI (p=0.03) in participants of parents reporting a high level of education, a negative effect was found for WTHR in participants with parents reporting a low level of education (p=0.003). There were no intervention effects for WC and weight status. Conclusions: A multicomponent 20-month school-based intervention had a beneficial effect on BMI and BMIz in adolescent girls, but not in boys. Furthermore, children of higher educated parents seemed to benefit more from the intervention, and this needs attention in future interventions to avoid further increase in social inequalities in overweight and obesity.

• Totland, Torunn Holm; Gebremariam, Mekdes; Lien, Nanna; Bjelland, Mona; Grydeland, May & Bergh, Ingunn Holden [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Does tracking of dietary behaviours differ by parental education in children during the transition into adolescence? Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 16(4), s. 673–682. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012003060.
• Totland, Torunn Holm; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Gebremariam, Mekdes & Grydeland, May [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Adolescents' prospective screen time by gender and parental education, the mediation of parental influences. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 10. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-89. Vis sammendrag

  Background: The present study investigated associations in gender dyads of parents’ and adolescents’ time spent on television and video viewing (TV/DVD), and computer and electronic game use (PC/games) at the ages of 11 and 13 years. Possible mediating effects of parental modelling and parental regulation in the relationship between parental education and adolescents’ prospective TV/DVD and PC/game time were further examined. Methods: A total of 908 adolescents, participating at both ages 11 and 13 years in the Norwegian HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) cohort study (2007–2009), were included in the analyses. Data on adolescents’, mothers’ and fathers’ self reported time spent on TV/DVD and PC/games were measured at both time points by questionnaires. Correlation coefficients were used to examine gender dyads of parents’ and adolescents’ reports. Mediation analyses using linear regression investigated possible mediation effects of parental modelling and parental regulation in the prospective relationship between parental education and adolescents’ time spent on TV/DVD and PC/games between the ages of 11 and 13 years. Results: Correlations of screen time behaviours in gender dyads of parents and adolescents showed significant associations in time spent on TV/DVD at the age of 11 and 13 years. Associations between mothers and sons and between fathers and daughters were also observed in time spent on PC/games at the age of 11 years. Maternal and paternal modelling was further found to mediate the relationship between parental education and adolescents’ prospective TV/DVD time between the ages of 11 and 13 years. No mediation effect was observed for parental regulation, however a decrease in both maternal and paternal regulation at the age of 11 years significantly predicted more TV/DVD time among adolescents at the age of 13 years. Conclusion: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships were observed in gender dyads of parents’ and adolescents’ screen time behaviours at the ages of 11 and 13 years, and further studies including both parents and their children should be emphasized. Moreover, maternal and paternal modelling were found to be important target variables in interventions aiming to reduce social differences by parental education in adolescents’ prospective time spent on TV/DVD.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Andersen, Lene Frost; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Totland, Torunn Holm & Bjelland, Mona [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Are screen-based sedentary behaviors longitudinally associated with dietary behaviors and leisure-time physical activity in the transition into adolescence? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 10. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-9.
• Grydeland, May; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Andersen, Lene Frost & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Intervention effects on physical activity: the HEIA study - a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 10. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-17. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Although school-based interventions to promote physical activity in adolescents have been suggested in several recent reviews, questions have been raised regarding the effects of the strategies and the methodology applied and for whom the interventions are effective. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of a school-based intervention program: the HEalth in Adolescents (HEIA) study, on change in physical activity, and furthermore, to explore whether potential effects varied by gender, weight status, initial physical activity level and parental education level. Methods: This was a cluster randomized controlled 20 month intervention study which included 700 11-year-olds. Main outcome-variable was mean count per minute (cpm) derived from ActiGraph accelerometers (Model 7164/GT1M). Weight and height were measured objectively. Adolescents reported their pubertal status in a questionnaire and parents reported their education level on the consent form. Linear mixed models were used to test intervention effects and to account for the clustering effect of sampling by school. Results: The present study showed an intervention effect on overall physical activity at the level of p = 0.05 with a net effect of 50 cpm increase from baseline to post intervention in favour of the intervention group (95% CI -0.4, 100). Subgroup analyses showed that the effect appeared to be more profound among girls (Est 65 cpm, CI 5, 124, p = 0.03) and among participants in the low-activity group (Est 92 cpm, CI 41, 142, p < 0.001), as compared to boys and participants in the high-activity group, respectively. Furthermore, the intervention affected physical activity among the normal weight group more positively than among the overweight, and participants with parents having 13--16 years of education more positively than participants with parents having either a lower or higher number of years of education. The intervention seemed to succeed in reducing time spent sedentary among girls but not among boys. Conclusions: A comprehensive but feasible, multi-component school-based intervention can affect physical activity patterns in adolescents by increasing overall physical activity. This intervention effect seemed to be more profound in girls than boys, low-active adolescents compared to high-active adolescents, participants with normal weight compared to the overweight, and for participants with parents of middle education level as opposed to those with high and low education levels, respectively. An implementation of the HEIA intervention components in the school system may have a beneficial effect on public health by increasing overall physical activity among adolescents and possibly among girls and low-active adolescents in particular.

• Grydeland, May; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Andersen, Lene Frost & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Correlates of weight status among Norwegian 11-year-olds: The HEIA study. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 12. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1053. Vis sammendrag

  Background: The underlying mechanisms of overweight and obesity in adolescents are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate modifiable and non-modifiable correlates of weight status among 1103 Norwegian 11-year-old adolescents in the HEalth in Adolescents (HEIA) study, including demographic factors such as gender and parental education, and behavioral factors such as intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks and breakfast consumption, watching TV and playing computer games, physical activity and sedentary time. Methods: Weight and height were measured objectively, body mass index (BMI) was calculated and International Obesity Task Force cut-offs were used to define weight status. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometers. Other behavioral correlates and pubertal status were self-reported by questionnaires. Parental education was reported by the parents on the consent form for their child. Associations were investigated using logistic regressions. Results: There were gender differences in behavioral correlates of weight status but not for weight status itself. Adolescents with parents in the highest education category had a 46% reduced odds of being overweight compared to adolescents with parents in the lowest education category. Adolescents with parents with medium education had 42% lower odds of being overweight than adolescents with parents with the lowest education category. Level of parental education, breakfast consumption and moderate to vigorous physical activity were positively associated with being normal weight, and time watching TV was positively associated with being overweight for the total sample. Gender differences were detected; boys had a doubled risk of being overweight for every additional hour of watching TV per week, while for girls there was no association. Conclusions: The present study showed a social gradient in weight status in 11-year-olds. Both breakfast consumption and moderate to vigorous physical activity were inversely associated with weight status. No associations were found between intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks, playing computer games and weight status. Watching TV was positively associated with weight status for boys but not for girls. Interventions are needed to gain more insight into the correlates of change in weight status.

• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; van Stralen, Maartje M.; Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna & Andersen, Lene Frost [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Exploring mediators of accelerometer assessed physical activity in young adolescents in the Health in adolescents study - a group randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 12. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-814. Vis sammendrag

  Background: There is a shortage of information about the factors that mediate physical activity intervention effects which involve youth. The purpose of this study was to examine whether personal, social and physical-environmental factors mediated the intervention effect on physical activity and whether gender and weight status moderated mediated effects in the Health In Adolescents Study – a school-based intervention to promote healthy weight development among young adolescents. Methods: Participating schools were randomized to Control (n = 25) and Intervention (n = 12). The intervention components to enhance physical activity targeted change through theoretically informed mediators embedded in a social-ecological framework. Accelerometer assessed physical activity (mean count per minute) and self-efficacy, enjoyment, perceived social support from parents, teachers and friends and perceived environmental opportunities were measured by questionnaires at baseline and post-intervention after 20 months among 700 11–13 year-old adolescents (Intervention = 485; Control = 215). The product-of-coefficient test was used to examine mediation. Results: No mediating effect of any of the hypothesized mediators was identified and gender and weight status did not moderate any mediated effects with the exception of weight status that moderated the mediated effect of enjoyment. Few intervention effects were seen on the mediators, except for a positive change in social support from teachers among girls and the normal weight, and a negative effect on enjoyment and self-efficacy among the overweight. However, change in enjoyment, self-efficacy, perceived social support from friends and environmental opportunities were associated with change in mean count per minute with some variation across the investigated subgroups, and thus show evidence of being potential mediators of physical activity change in adolescents. Conclusions: While no mediation effects were observed, change in both personal and social-environmental factors predicted change in physical activity behavior. Hence, a social- ecological approach targeting a wide range of determinants to promote change in physical activity holds promise. Overweight and normal weight adolescents may not respond in the same way to school-based physical activity interventions. Therefore, strategies to better reach the overweight seem needed. Future studies should continue to identify mediating and moderation mechanisms in physical activity change in adolescents.

• Ried-Larsen, Mathias; Brønd, Jan Christian; Brage, Søren; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Grydeland, May & Andersen, Lars Bo [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Mechanical and free living comparisons of four generations of the Actigraph activity monitor. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 9. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-113. Vis sammendrag

  Background: More studies include multiple generations of the Actigraph activity monitor. So far no studies have compared the output including the newest generation and investigated the impact on the output of the activity monitor when enabling the low frequency extension (LFE) option. The aims were to study the responses of four generations (AM7164, GT1M, GT3X and GT3X+) of the Actigraph activity monitor in a mechanical setup and a free living environment with and without enabling the LFE option. Methods: The monitors were oscillated in a mechanical setup using two radii in the frequency range 0.25-3.0 Hz. Following the mechanical study a convenience sample (N = 20) wore three monitors (one AM7164 and two GT3X) for 24 hours. Results: The AM7164 differed from the newer generations across frequencies (p < 0.05) in the mechanical setup. The AM7164 produced a higher output at the lower and at the highest intensities, whereas the output was lower at the middle intensities in the mid-range compared to the newer generations. The LFE option decreased the differences at the lower frequencies, but increased differences at the higher. In free living, the mean physical activity level (PA) of the GT3X was 18 counts per minute (CPM) (8%) lower compared to the AM7164 (p < 0.001). Time spent in sedentary intensity was 26.6 minutes (95% CI 15.6 to 35.3) higher when assessed by the GT3X compared to the AM7164 (p < 0.001). Time spend in light and vigorous PA were 23.3 minutes (95% CI 31.8 to 14.8) and 11.7 minutes (95% CI 2.8 to 0.7) lower when assessed by the GT3X compared to the AM7164 (p < 0.05). When enabling the LFE the differences in the sedentary and light PA intensity (<333 counts*10 sec-1) were attenuated (p > 0.05 for differences between generations) thus attenuated the difference in mean PA (p > 0.05) when the LFE option was enabled. However, it did not attenuate the difference in time spend in vigorous PA and it introduced a difference in time spend in moderate PA (+ 3.0 min (95% CI 0.4 to 5.6)) between the generations. Conclusion: We observed significant differences between the AM7164 and the newer Actigraph GT-generations (GT1M, GT3X and GT3X+) in a mechanical setup and in free-living. Enabling the LFE option attenuated the differences in mean PA completely, but induced a bias in the moderate PA intensities.

• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona; Grydeland, May; Lien, Nanna; Andersen, Lene Frost & Klepp, Knut Inge [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Mid-way and post-intervention effects on potential determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior, results of the HEIA study - a multi-component school-based randomized trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 9. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-63. Vis sammendrag

  Background: There is limited knowledge as to whether obesity prevention interventions are able to produce change in the determinants hypothesized to precede change in energy balance-related behaviors in young people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multi-component intervention on a wide range of theoretically informed determinants of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). Moderation effects of gender, weight status and parental education level and whether the perceived intervention dose received influenced the effects were also explored. Methods: The HEIA study was a 20-month school-based, randomized controlled trial to promote healthy weight development. In total, 1418 11-year-olds participated at baseline and post-intervention assessment. Enjoyment, self-efficacy, perceived social support from parents, teachers and friends related to PA, perceived parental regulation of TV-viewing and computer/game-use and perceived social inclusion at schools were examined by covariance analyses to assess overall effects and moderation by gender, weight status and parental education, mid-way and post-intervention. Covariance analyses were also used to examine the role of intervention dose received on change in the determinants. Results: At mid-way enjoyment (p = .03), perceived social support from teachers (p = .003) and self-efficacy (p = .05) were higher in the intervention group. Weight status moderated the effect on self-efficacy, with a positive effect observed among the normal weight only. At post-intervention results were sustained for social support from teachers (p = .001), while a negative effect was found for self-efficacy (p = .02). Weight status moderated the effect on enjoyment, with reduced enjoyment observed among the overweight. Moderation effects for parental education level were detected for perceived social support from parents and teachers. Finally, positive effects on several determinants were observed among those receiving a high as opposed to a low intervention dose. Conclusion: The intervention affected both psychological and social-environmental determinants. Results indicate that social support from teachers might be a potential mediator of PA change, and that overweight adolescents might be in need of specially targeted interventions to avoid reducing their enjoyment of PA. Further studies should continue to assess how intervention effectiveness is influenced by the participants’ self-reported dose of intervention received.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes; Totland, Torunn Holm; Andersen, Lene Frost; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona & Grydeland, May [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Stability and change in screen-based sedentary behaviours and associated factors among Norwegian children in the transition between childhood and adolescence. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 12. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-104. Vis sammendrag

  Background In order to inform interventions to prevent sedentariness, more longitudinal studies are needed focusing on stability and change over time in multiple sedentary behaviours. This paper investigates patterns of stability and change in TV/DVD use, computer/electronic game use and total screen time (TST) and factors associated with these patterns among Norwegian children in the transition between childhood and adolescence. Methods The baseline of this longitudinal study took place in September 2007 and included 975 students from 25 control schools of an intervention study, the HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) study. The first follow-up took place in May 2008 and the second follow-up in May 2009, with 885 students participating at all time points (average age at baseline = 11.2, standard deviation ± 0.3). Time used for/spent on TV/DVD and computer/electronic games was self-reported, and a TST variable (hours/week) was computed. Tracking analyses based on absolute and rank measures, as well as regression analyses to assess factors associated with change in TST and with tracking high TST were conducted. Results Time spent on all sedentary behaviours investigated increased in both genders. Findings based on absolute and rank measures revealed a fair to moderate level of tracking over the 2 year period. High parental education was inversely related to an increase in TST among females. In males, self-efficacy related to barriers to physical activity and living with married or cohabitating parents were inversely related to an increase in TST. Factors associated with tracking high vs. low TST in the multinomial regression analyses were low self-efficacy and being of an ethnic minority background among females, and low self-efficacy, being overweight/obese and not living with married or cohabitating parents among males. Conclusions Use of TV/DVD and computer/electronic games increased with age and tracked over time in this group of 11-13 year old Norwegian children. Interventions targeting these sedentary behaviours should thus be introduced early. The identified modifiable and non-modifiable factors associated with change in TST and tracking of high TST should be taken into consideration when planning such interventions.

• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Andersen, Lene Frost & Klepp, Knut Inge [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Personal and social-environmental correlates of objectively measured physical activity in Norwegian pre-adolescent children. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 21(6), s. E315–E324. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01295.x. Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to examine modifiable biological, psychological, behavioral and social-environmental correlates of physical activity among 1129 Norwegian 11-year-old children within a cross-sectional sample from the HEalth In Adolescents study. Physical activity was assessed by accelerometer, and weight and height were measured objectively. Age- and gender-specific cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force were used to define body mass index. Social-environmental variables were self-reported by questionnaire. Hierarchical regression (linear mixed models) revealed that normal weight children scored higher on percentage daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [% daily moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)] than overweight/obese children (P<0.001). Self-efficacy (P<0.01) and perceived social support from friends (P<0.01) were positively associated with children's % daily MVPA, and a negative association was found for computer/game-use on weekends (P<0.01). A moderator effect of weight category (normal vs overweight/obese) in the relationship between computer/game-use on weekends and % daily MVPA was detected (P<0.05), reflecting that higher computer/game-use on weekends was associated with lower % MVPA among the overweight/obese, but not among the normal weight. Modifiable correlates from multiple domains accounted for 14% of the variance in % daily MVPA. Prospective and intervention studies are needed to examine whether these factors act as mediators for physical activity change in pre-adolescent children.

• Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Grydeland, May; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Intakes and perceived home availability of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables as reported by mothers, fathers and adolescents in the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 14(12), s. 2156–2165. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011000917. Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To investigate the intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), fruit and vegetables (FV) among adolescents and their parents and to explore differences in the perceived availability by gender and parental education. Design: Baseline data from the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study. Setting: Data on intake of SSB were collected assessing frequency and amounts, whereas consumption of FV was assessed on the basis of frequency. Further, perceived availability at home and at school (taken from home) was reported. Subjects: Participants were 1528 Norwegian adolescents aged 11 years, as well as 1200 mothers and 1057 fathers. Results The adolescents’ intake of SSB was low on weekdays but doubled during weekend days. This pattern was observed among parents as well. There were significant differences in intake between boys, girls, mothers and fathers, except for vegetables. Fathers reported the lowest frequency of FV intake. Compared with adolescents, mothers reported lower availability of SSB and higher availability of FV. Compared with their sons, fathers reported higher availability of vegetables and lower availability of sugar-sweetened fruit drinks at school. Significant differences in adolescents’ intake of SSB and in the perceived availability of both SSB and FV by parental education were found. Conclusions: The intake of SSB was higher during weekend days than during weekdays, whereas the frequency of FV intake was low. Differences in adolescents’ perceived availability of both SSB and FV on the basis of parental education were found, whereas the differences in intake were significant only for SSB. Increasing parental awareness of availability and their potential as role models across parental gender and educational level could improve adolescents’ dietary habits.

• Bjelland, Mona; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May; Klepp, Knut Inge; Andersen, Lene Frost & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Changes in adolescents' intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and sedentary behaviour: Results at 8 month mid-way assessment of the HEIA study - a comprehensive, multi-component school-based randomized trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 8. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-63. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Inconsistent effects of school-based obesity prevention interventions may be related to how different subgroups receive them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an intervention program, including fact sheets to parents and classroom components, on intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and screen time. Further, to explore whether potential effects and parental involvement varied by adolescents’ gender, weight status (WS) and parental educational level. Methods: In total, 1465 11-year-olds participated at the pre-test and the 8 month mid-way assessment of the HEIA study. Parents (n = 349) contributed with process evaluation data. Self-reported intake of SSB was collected from the 11-year-olds assessing frequency and amount, while time used on watching TV/DVD and computer/game-use (weekday and weekend day) were assed by frequency measures. Data on awareness of the intervention and dose received were collected from parents. Covariance analyses (ANCOVA) were conducted testing for effects by gender and for moderation by WS and parental education. Results: Time spent on TV/DVD (week p = 0.001, weekend p = 0.03) and computer/game-use (week p = 0.004, weekend p <.001), and the intake of SSB during weekend days (p = 0.04), were significantly lower among girls in the intervention group compared to the control group girls after 8 months. Girls’ WS did not moderate these findings. However, no significant effects of the intervention were found for boys, but moderation effects were found for WS (week days: TV/DVD, p = 0.03 and computer/games, p = 0.02). There were no moderating effects of parental education for neither boys nor girls with respect to intake of SSB, time used for watching TV/DVD and computer/game-use. Parental awareness of the intervention was significantly higher among the parents of girls, while the parents of boys were more satisfied with the fact sheets. Conclusions: The preventive initiatives appeared to change behaviour in girls only. This study suggests that exploration of potential beneficial or negative effects of intervention in subgroups is important. In formative evaluation of obesity prevention studies it seems warranted to include issues related to gender, WS and parental involvement in order to enhance the effectiveness of preventive initiatives.

• Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred & Klepp, Knut Inge [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). Overweight and waist circumference among Norwegian 11-year-olds and associations with reported parental overweight and waist circumference: The HEIA study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 38, s. 19–27. doi: 10.1177/1403494810385036.
• Lien, Nanna; Bjelland, Mona; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May; Anderssen, Sigmund A. & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). Design of a 20-month comprehensive, multicomponent school-based randomised trial to promote healthy weight development among 11-13 year olds: The HEalth In Adolescents study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 38, s. 38–51. doi: 10.1177/1403494810379894. Vis sammendrag

  Background and purpose: The lack of effective school-based interventions for preventing obesity in children has caused a call for longer duration of interventions and better reporting on design and evaluation methodology. The purpose of this paper is to present the development of the intervention, the design of the effectiveness study, and the test-retest reliability of the main outcome measures in the HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) study. Methods/design: The HEIA intervention programme was developed based on literature reviews, a social ecological framework, and focus groups. The intervention aimed to increase total physical activity (PA) and consumption of fruit and vegetables and to decrease screen time and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. The intervention programme consisted of a classroom component, including dietary behaviour lessons, computer tailoring, fruit/vegetable and PA breaks, and posters, and an environmental component including active transport campaigns, equipment, suggestions for easy improvements of schoolyards, inspirational courses for teachers (all with regards to PA), and fact sheets to parents. The effect of the intervention programme is evaluated in a cluster randomised controlled trial design (intervention = 12 schools, control = 25 schools) including process evaluation. Main outcomes include anthropometry, PA, screen time, and consumption of fruit, vegetables, and sugar-sweetened beverages. A 2-week test? retest study was conducted among 114 pupils. Determinants of the behaviours were assessed. Similar data were collected from parents. Children?s PA was measured objectively by accelerometers. Conclusions: The HEIA study represents a theoretically informed randomised trial comprising a comprehensive set of multilevel intervention components with a thorough evaluation using reliable outcome measures. The study will contribute to a better understanding of determinants of healthy weight development among young people and how such determinants can be modified.

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• Nilsen, Tormod Skogstad; Sæter, Mali; Sarvari, Sebastian; Reinertsen, Kristin Valborg; Johansen, Sara Hassing & Edvardsen, Elisabeth Rustad [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols. ISSN 1929-0748. 12. doi: 10.2196/45244. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lie, Hanne Cathrine; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Rueegg, Corina Silvia; Raastad, Truls; Grydeland, May & Thorsen, Lene [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Physical Activity and Fitness in Childhood Cancer Survivors (PACCS) Study: Protocol for an International Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Research Protocols. ISSN 1929-0748. 11(3). doi: 10.2196/35838. Vis sammendrag

  Methods Results Discussion References Abbreviations Copyright Abstract Background: Survivors of childhood cancer represent a growing population with a long life expectancy but high risks of treatment-induced morbidity and premature mortality. Regular physical activity (PA) may improve their long-term health; however, high-quality empirical knowledge is sparse. Objective: The Physical Activity and Fitness in Childhood Cancer Survivors (PACCS) study comprises 4 work packages (WPs) aiming for the objective determination of PA and self-reported health behavior, fatigue, and quality of life (WP 1); physical fitness determination (WP 2); the evaluation of barriers to and facilitators of PA (WP 1 and 3); and the feasibility testing of an intervention to increase PA and physical fitness (WP 4). Methods: The PACCS study will use a mixed methods design, combining patient-reported outcome measures and objective clinical and physiological assessments with qualitative data gathering methods. A total of 500 survivors of childhood cancer aged 9 to 18 years with ≥1 year after treatment completion will be recruited in follow-up care clinics in Norway, Denmark, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland. All participants will participate in WP 1, of which approximately 150, 40, and 30 will be recruited to WP 2, WP3, and WP 4, respectively. The reference material for WP 1 is available from existing studies, whereas WP 2 will recruit healthy controls. PA levels will be measured using ActiGraph accelerometers and self-reports. Validated questionnaires will be used to assess health behaviors, fatigue, and quality of life. Physical fitness will be measured by a cardiopulmonary exercise test, isometric muscle strength tests, and muscle power and endurance tests. Limiting factors will be identified via neurological, pulmonary, and cardiac evaluations and the assessment of body composition and muscle size. Semistructured, qualitative interviews, analyzed using systematic text condensation, will identify the perceived barriers to and facilitators of PA for survivors of childhood cancer. In WP 4, we will evaluate the feasibility of a 6-month personalized PA intervention with the involvement of local structures. Results: Ethical approvals have been secured at all participating sites (Norwegian Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics [2016/953 and 2018/739]; the Oslo University Hospital Data Protection Officer; equivalent institutions in Finland, Denmark [file H-19032270], Germany, and Switzerland [Ethics Committee of Northwestern and Central Switzerland, project ID: 2019-00410]). Data collection for WP 1 to 3 is complete. This will be completed by July 2022 for WP 4. Several publications are already in preparation, and 2 have been published. Conclusions: The PACCS study will generate high-quality knowledge that will contribute to the development of an evidence-based PA intervention for young survivors of childhood cancer to improve their long-term care and health. We will identify physiological, psychological, and social barriers to PA that can be targeted in interventions with immediate benefits for young survivors of childhood cancer in need of rehabilitation.

• Tronerud, Geirulf; Odberg, Ann-Helen; Gjølme, Egil Galaaen & Grydeland, May (2019). Mange skoler får til svømmeopplæring i kaldt vann. Stavanger Aftenblad. ISSN 0804-8991.
• Tronerud, Geirulf; Odberg, Ann-Helen; Gjølme, Egil Galaaen & Grydeland, May (2019). Svømmeopplæring OGSÅ utendørs – ifølge fagfornyelsen i skolen! Stavanger Aftenblad. ISSN 0804-8991. Vis sammendrag

  KRONIKK: To av tre drukninger skjer utendørs. Skal drukningsstatistikken ned, må opplæringen i svømming og livredning i skolen i større grad foregå ute.

• Gjølme, Egil Galaaen; Odberg, Ann-Helen; Grydeland, May; Næss, Borgar & Melbye, Mats (2017). Regjeringens svømmepakke - Hva nå?
• Gjølme, Egil Galaaen & Grydeland, May (2016). Hva skjer innen svømmeopplæring?
• Grydeland, May; Olstad, Bjørn Harald; Cabri, Jan Maria Hendrick & Kjendlie, Per-Ludvik (2015). Muscle activation and kinematic differences between female and male elite breaststroke swimmers.
• Olstad, Bjørn Harald; Grydeland, May; Vaz, Joao Rocha; Zinner, Christoph; Cabri, Jan Maria Hendrick & Kjendlie, Per-Ludvik (2015). Muscle Activation of World-Class Breaststroke Swimmers.
• Bjelland, Mona; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May & Lien, Nanna (2013). Utvikling, gjennomføring og evaluering av HEIA-prosjektet: Kan skolen være en arena for å fremme sunn vektutvikling blant 11-13 åringer? Norsk tidsskrift for ernæring (NTFE). ISSN 1503-5034. s. 30–33.
• Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Klepp, Knut Inge; Bergh, Ingunn Holden & Andersen, Lene Frost [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Intervention effect on BMI in adolescent girls: The HEalth in Adolescents (HEIA) Study – A school-­based two-­year cluster randomized trial.
• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona; Grydeland, May; Klepp, K-I; Anderssen, Sigmund A. & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2010). Change in mediators of children?s physical activity and the moderating effect of weight status after the first year of HEIA, a multi-component intervention study. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: We examined the effect of the 1st year of the intervention on mediators of change in children?s physical activity and whether effects differed for normal weight versus overweight/obese children. Methods: Participants were 11-year old children at baseline (control=934; intervention=531). A 2 by 2 between?groups analysis of covariance was conducted with baseline measures of mediators as covariates. Independents were intervention versus control and BMI-category according to IOTF-criteria. Dependents were enjoyment, self-efficacy, perceived social support from teachers and parents at follow-up 1. Results: We observed no intervention main effect on change in enjoyment and this effect did not differ according to weight status. No intervention main effect on change in self efficacy was observed. However, an interaction effect of weight status [F(459,62)=5.05, p=.03]; partial eta square =.004 indicating that, following the intervention normal weight children increased their level of self-efficacy from baseline to follow-up whereas no change in self-efficacy could be observed for the overweight/obese ones. An intervention main effect on change in perceived teachers? social support was found F(420,39)=9,33, p=.002; partial eta square=.007 indicating that intervention school teachers provided enhanced social support for children?s physical activity from baseline to follow-up. Children?s weight status did not moderate this intervention effect. Regarding change in perceived social support from parents, no intervention main effect nor moderating effect of children?s weight status could be observed. Conclusion: Overweight/obese children seemed not to benefit from the intervention regarding self-efficacy enhancement. Nevertheless, teachers may be in the position to enhance levels of physical activity in this group.

• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Klepp, Knut-Inge & Anderssen, Sigmund A. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Correlates of children?s computer use on weekends: Baseline results from HEIA, a two-year multi-component school based intervention program. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction In order to regulate children?s weight it is important to increase physical activity (PA) and reduce sedentary activities (van Sluijs et al, 2008). As part of sedentary activities, children?s computer use has increased substantially. Hence, determinants of children?s computer use seem important to identify. Purpose To examine the associations of gender, BMI and social-environmental influences with children?s computer use on weekends. Methods Eleven year olds 6th graders from the eastern part of Norway and their parents (n=1209) taking part in the HEIA project, a school based intervention to promote healthy weight development, participated at the baseline data collection (September 2007). The dependent variable consisted of child?s self-reported time spent on computer use on weekends. Independents were gender and BMI and parental (mother) data on a) mother?s computer use on weekends, regulation of child?s computer use and support of child?s PA, and b) perceived screen use as an indoor limitation to PA. Results Entered in step 1 gender (beta = .23, p < .001) and BMI (beta = .09, p < .01) related significantly to child?s computer use on weekends; altogether accounting for 6% of the variance in computer use. Entered in step 2, mother?s time spent on computer use on weekends (beta = .11, p < .01); parental regulation of child?s computer use (beta = -.07, p < .05) and parental social support for child?s PA (beta = -.08, p < .05); altogether accounting for 2% additional explained variance in child?s computer use. By entering screen use as a perceived limitations to PA (beta = .15, p < .001) this added 2% additional variance in child?s computer use. The total predictor set accounted for 10% of the total variance in child?s computer use. When entering screen use as a perceived limitation to PA in step 3, the relative influence of parental support for child?s PA and parental regulation of child?s computer use no longer were significant. In contrast, the role of mothers computer use on weekends for child?s computer use was upheld. Discussion Current findings suggest that boys more strongly than girls use computers on weekends and that parents to some extent may be in the position to reduce child?s computer use by reducing their own computer use, by being more supportive of child?s PA, and by strengthening their regulation of child?s computer use. Interestingly, when parents report screen use to be a limitation to child?s PA child?s computer use is increased.

• Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Lien, Nanna; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Anderssen, Sigmund A. (2008). Overweight/obesity in 11-year-olds and association with guidelines for physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake.
• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Klepp, Knut-Inge & Anderssen, Sigmund A. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2008). Correlates of children¿s physical activity: Baseline results from HEIA, a two-year multi-component school based intervention program.
• Bjelland, Mona; Andersen, Lene F.; Lien, Nanna; Grydeland, May; Bergh, Ingunn Holden & Anderssen, Sigmund A. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2008). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in 11-year-olds based on BMI and waist-to-height ratio: The HEIA-project.
• Heggebø, Lena Klasson; Grydeland, May; Andersen, Kjersti & Anderssen, Sigmund A. (2002). Physical fitness, physical activity and obesity among children and youth in Oslo, Norway.
• Heggebø, Lena Klasson; Grydeland, May; Andersen, Kjersti & Anderssen, Sigmund A. (2001). Fysisk form, fysisk aktivitet og fedme hos barn og unge i Oslo.
• Grydeland, May; Heggebø, Lena Klasson & Anderssen, Sigmund A. (2001). Hvor mange niåringer i Oslo imøtekommer SEFs anbefalinger om fysisk aktivitet?
• Kolle, Elin; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Säfvenbom, Reidar; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Grydeland, May & Ekelund, Ulf [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Hovedrapport: School in motion. Utdanningsdirektoratet.
• Grydeland, May (2013). School-based obesity prevention in Norway : Correlates of weight statues and intervention effects on physical activity and body composition : The Health in Adolescents Study (HEIA). Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. ISSN 9788250204966. Vis sammendrag

  Prevention of childhood obesity is an international public health priority given the significant impact of obesity on short- and long-term functioning, health and wellbeing. Although recommended in several recent reviews, school-based obesity prevention interventions targeting physical activity and diet have been tested with mixed results. The overall aim of the HEalth in Adolescents (HEIA) study was to design, implement and evaluate a comprehensive intervention program to promote a healthy weight development among young adolescents (11 to 13 year olds). This thesis investigates correlates of weight status and effects of the HEIA intervention program on physical activity and body composition. Furthermore, the validity of the physical activity assessment tool, the ActiGraph accelerometer, was investigated in a separate study.

• Røe, Lene; Solbakken, Elisabeth; Grydeland, May & Andersen, Lars Bo (2006). Fysisk aktivitet og måltider i skolen- måling av fysisk aktivitetsnivå. Oppdrag fra sosial- og Helsedirektoratet.
• Kolle, Elin; Storheim, Kjersti; Røe, Lene; Grydeland, May; Moser, Thomas & Säfvenbom, Reidar (2006). Bydelens barn i bevegelse : sluttrapport 2005. Norges Idrettshøgskole.

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