Ørnulf Seippel

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2024). More than sports? A study of Norwegians’ opinions on sports’ social and political responsibilities. European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS). ISSN 1613-8171. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2024.2335580.
• Ehnold, Peter; Jarck, Henning; Doherty, Alison; Elmose-Østerlund, Karsten; Fahlen, Josef & Gohritz, Andreas [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Developing a multi-level framework for analyzing public sports-based programmes to integrate migrants and refugees into organized sports. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2023.2276813. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay & Dalen, Håvard Bergesen (2023). Social status and sport: A study of young Norwegians. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. ISSN 1012-6902. doi: 10.1177/10126902231202924. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this article, we study social status associated with sport. First, we examine the extent to which sport gives social status to Norwegian youths and athletes, how sport does so compared to other status markers and how sport and other various status markers vary by age, gender and cultural class. Second, we study how sport performances influence social status (popularity and likeability) among athletes. We hypothesise that (i) sport has a high status in general and especially among sport participants, (ii) sport loses attraction by age, but less so among sport participants than the general youth population, (iii) sport gives more status to boys than girls and (iv) sport performances influence athletes’ popularity and likability. We use data from the nationally representative Ungdata project of 2015 (N = 22,856, response rate 70%) and a study conducted by the authors on young athletes participating in organised sport (N = 387, response rate 74%). The results show that sport has a high status, especially among young sporting males. Cultural class seems less important for sport status. For status within the context of sports, the best-performing athletes are the most popular and best liked athletes. The findings are discussed with regard to recruitment, continuation and dropout from sports.

• Charway, Derrick Okpoti; Antwi, Bright Baffour; Seippel, Ørnulf & Houlihan, Barrie (2022). Sport and sustainable social development in Ghana: analysing the policy-implementation gap. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. 26(8), s. 1319–1339. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2022.2130051. Vis sammendrag

  The global optimism for sport as ‘an important enabler of sustainable development’ by the United Nations appears in many countries’ policy documents. In Ghana, sport is linked to the social dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But the acknowledgement of the potential of sport, in itself, cannot be the decisive evidence of deep commitment or successful implementation. The research analyses how sport partners (governmental and non-governmental) have been involved and resourced in implementing the government’s commitment to the community health and well-being policy. Qualitative data were derived from government policy documents, government officials and key actors from non-state sport organisations. Matland’s Ambiguity-Conflict Model was the theoretical framework used to analyse the policy-implementation link. The findings identified challenges in policy implementation associated with resources distribution, non-involvement of local implementing actors, football’s overbearing importance and legitimation of sport for development organisations. The impact of these challenges for sustainability were discussed.

• Sandvik, Morten Renslo & Seippel, Ørnulf (2022). Framing of environmental issues in voluntary sport organizations. Environmental Politics. ISSN 0964-4016. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2022.2075152. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This explorative study draws on content analysis of the environmental policy documents of voluntary sport organizations in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. We develop a typology of ways in which sport organizations frame environmental problems and find four ideal typical frames: (1) a general non-committal frame; (2) a sport-specific technical frame; (3) a growth-oriented opportunity frame; and (4) a crisis frame viewing environmental issues as an existential crisis for sport. We then explain the emergence of these frames. To this task, we discuss how materialities, institutional mechanisms and wider environmental discourses matter for environmental framing in voluntary sport organizations.

• Espedalen, Lars Erik & Seippel, Ørnulf (2022). Dropout and social inequality: young people’s reasons for leaving organized sports. Annals of Leisure Research. ISSN 1174-5398. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2022.2070512. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Few quantitative studies have looked at how reasons for quitting organized sports vary according to social backgrounds. The present paper addresses this gap by investigating how youths’ perceptions of six reasons for dropping out of organized youth sports vary according to three types of social inequality: socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender. We utilize data from the 2015 Young in Oslo survey, where organized youth sport dropouts in grades 8–13 rated the importance of six reasons for dropping out (N = 2355, response rate = 72%). Two findings stand out. First, gender differences were subtle and often related to ethnicity; they were more pronounced among majority youths than minority youths. Second, well-resourced majority youths were more likely to consider a lack of sports skills and friends who quit as important to dropout while minority youths with less resources more often highlighted discouragement from parents and sport expenses.

• Strandbu, Åse; Stefansen, Kari; Smette, Ingrid & Seippel, Ørnulf (2021). Ungdomsidrettens spenninger. I Ødegård, Guro & Pedersen, Willy (Red.), UNGDOMMEN. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-73299-8. s. 135–152. doi: https:/doi.org/10.23865/noasp.142.ch6.
• Dalen, Håvard Bergesen & Seippel, Ørnulf (2021). Friends in sports: Social networks in leisure, school and social media. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 18(12). doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126197. Vis sammendrag

  Young athletes value their social relations in sports, and these social relations can have consequences when it comes to joining, continuing, and quitting sports. Yet the important question of how social relations in sports develop has not yet been adequately answered. Hence, we investigated how athletes’ social relations in sports depend on social relations outside of sports: in leisure, school, and social media. A total of 387 athletes (aged 16–19) from 30 Norwegian sports groups completed a survey on electronic tablets. We asked how social relations in leisure, school, and social media—through the social mechanisms of contact, homophily, and contagion—influenced social relations in sports. We also controlled for the effect of exercise frequency and duration (years) of contact in sports. Exponential random graph modelling (ERGM) analyses showed that first and foremost, relations from social media and leisure, but also school networks and exercise frequency, influence sports networks. This study shows that social relations in sports are diverse and depend on social relations outside sports. We discuss how this has ‘counterintuitive’ consequences for sports participation, particularly the importance of supporting athletes’ social relations outside of sports for the strengthening of social relations within sports when addressing challenges concerning recruitment, continuation, and dropout from sports.

• Seippel, Ørnulf & Belbo, Johanna Sveen (2021). Sport clubs, policy networks, and local politics. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. ISSN 1940-6940. 13(3), s. 479–499. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2021.1898441. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sports clubs cooperate with other clubs, sports organisations, and public and market actors to organise sports. In this article, we study the way clubs cooperate through a sports club network involving only sports clubs and a wider sports policy network consisting of all relevant actors related to those clubs (e.g. the clubs, public and private actors, sports governing bodies, clubs outside the municipality). The context is a medium-sized Norwegian municipality. We answer three questions. First, what do these cooperative networks look like (e.g. density, centralisation and clustering)? Second, how do the networks develop (based on a theoretical framework comprising strategies, institutions and trust)? Third, what are the implications of the network characteristics we find for the dominant sports-for-all policy? Methodologically, we depend on traditional network analyses and exponential random graph models (ERGMs), which include endogenous factors (density, reciprocity and transitivity), exogenous factors (actors’ attributes) and covariate networks (geographical distance between clubs). Based on theory, we suggest that the network structures we describe empirically make the clubs well suited for organising broad inclusive mass sports, but less so for inclusion of special targeted groups who are not as attracted to traditional club sports.

• Seippel, Ørnulf; Breuer, Christoph; Elmose-Østerlund, Karsten; Feiler, Svenja; Perényi, Szilvia & Piątkowska, Monika [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). In Troubled Water? European Sports Clubs: Their Problems, Capacities and Opportunities. Journal of global sport management. ISSN 2470-4067. doi: 10.1080/24704067.2020.1806493. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We study problems experienced by sports clubs from nine European countries – Belgium (Flanders), Denmark, England, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Spain – and factors – national characteristics and organizational capacities – explaining variation in problem perceptions. Data is surveys of more than 30,000 sport clubs. We investigate five types of club problems: recruitment/retention of members, recruitment/retention of volunteers at the board level, recruitment/retention of coaches/instructors, financial situation of clubs and availability of sport facilities. We found that human resource problems were widespread in Denmark and Germany and least common in Belgium. In Hungary, Poland, and Spain, finances and facilities stood out as the most reported problems. Some capacities – negative financial balance, planning capacity and social climate – have systematic and direct implications for those involved, whereas others – size and professionalization – are more difficult to interpret systematically and harder to link to strategic policy actions.

• Skauge, Mads & Seippel, Ørnulf (2020). Where do they all come from? Youth, fitness gyms, sport clubs and social inequality. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. 25(8). doi: 10.1080/17430437.2020.1840554. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nagel, Siegfried; Seippel, Ørnulf; Breuer, Cristoph; Feiler, Svenja; Elmose-Østerlund, Karsten & Llopis-Goig, Ramon [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Volunteer satisfaction in sports clubs: A multilevel analysis in 10 European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. ISSN 1012-6902. s. 1–20. doi: 10.1177/1012690219880419. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Regular voluntary engagement is a basic resource for sports clubs that may also promote social cohesion and active citizenship. The satisfaction of volunteers is an imperative factor in this engagement, and the purpose of this article is to explore individual and organizational determinants of volunteer satisfaction in sports clubs. Theoretically, our study builds on the actor-theory concepts where volunteer satisfaction depends on subjective evaluations of expectations and experiences in a sports club (‘logic of situation’), so that positive evaluations lead to higher satisfaction and, hopefully, retention of volunteers. This research uses a sample of 8131 volunteers from 642 sports clubs in 10 European countries, and is the first analysis to combine determinants at the level of the club and the volunteer (multilevel). Results show that the most important determinants of satisfaction are the conditions of volunteering (recognition, support, leadership and material incentives) and the workload of volunteers. Surprisingly, club characteristics, size or having paid staff are not significant determinants of volunteer satisfaction. The results of this analysis can assist more effective volunteer management in sports clubs that are facing challenges of individualization and professionalization.

• Dalen, Håvard Bergesen & Seippel, Ørnulf (2019). Social networks and gender in organized youth sports. European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS). ISSN 1613-8171. 16(4), s. 323–341. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2019.1693143. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sports are social, and the sociability of sports (e.g. individual experiences, group cohesion or generalised social trust) and its consequences (e.g. enjoyment, inclusion, or social capital) depends on the social networks in sports teams. In this study we investigate various types of social networks in sports—strong and weak—for boys and girls. We look at the number of social relations in each team (average degree), how centralised and hierarchical teams are, and how each team clusters and consists of subgroups. We hypothesise that: (i) Boys’ and girls’ teams differ in number of social relations, (ii) Boys’ social networks are more hierarchical than girls’ networks, and (iii) Girls’ teams are more clustered than boys’ teams. Network data from 387 adolescent athletes on 30 sports teams in football, handball, cross-country skiing and biathlon were collected with an electronic survey-questionnaire. The results reveal large differences in network structures between teams. We find that the total number of social relations is higher in girls’ teams, that there are small gender differences with respect to networks' hierarchies, and that girls’ networks cluster more than boys’ networks.

• Elmose-Østerlund, Karsten; Seippel, Ørnulf; Llopis-Goig, Ramon; Van der Roest, Jan-Willem; Adler Zwahlen, Jenny & Nagel, Siegfried (2019). Social integration in sports clubs: individual and organisational factors in a European context. European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS). ISSN 1613-8171. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2019.1652382. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sports clubs are often perceived as important mediums for social integration, but the empirical evidence to support this claim is limited. This article sets out to identify individual and organisational characteristics that are conducive to social integration of members and volunteers. Drawing on survey data from 13,000 members and volunteers in ten European countries, an exploratory factor analysis identified three dimensions of social integration. They match the overall conceptual distinction between socio-cultural and socio-affective integration and the sub-division of socio-affective integration into ‘interaction’ and ‘identification’. Multilevel regression analyses examined the relevance of individual-level variables (social background, club affiliation and participation as well as practiced sports activities) and organisational-level variables (management and structural characteristics) for the three dimensions of social integration. Empirical analyses revealed that the individual-level variables, especially affiliation and participation in the sports club (e.g. the number of years connected to the club, the frequency of sports and competition participation, the team/group size as well as volunteering), had explanatory power, while the organisational-level variables (management and structural characteristics) mainly showed weak correlations. With little variation at the country level and relatively consistent results across the three dimensions of social integration, the results indicate that it is mainly the same individual and organisational characteristics that are conducive to social integration in sports clubs.

• Wilhelmsen, Terese; Sørensen, Marit; Seippel, Ørnulf & Block, ME (2019). Parental satisfaction with inclusion in physical education. International Journal of Inclusive Education. ISSN 1360-3116. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2019.1597930. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Knowledge is scarce on parental satisfaction with the inclusion of children with disabilities in physical education (PE). This study explored how parents’ satisfaction with inclusion in PE was associated with parental and child interpersonal and intrapersonal characteristics. Seventy-two parents of children with disabilities participated in the survey-based study. The results of the ordinary least square regression (OLS) and quantile regression (QR) indicated that the parents’ satisfaction with social inclusion in PE was associated with their attitudes towards inclusion in PE, perceived PE-related information sharing, and the type of disability and degree of physical inclusion. Parents’ satisfaction with pedagogical inclusion of children in PE was associated with their attitudes towards inclusion in PE, PE-related information sharing, and the children’s degrees of disability and physical inclusion. Furthermore, the QR estimates indicated that the explanatory strength of parental attitudes towards inclusion in PE varied with the degree of parental satisfaction with social and pedagogical inclusion of their children in PE. Practical and methodological implications of the findings are discussed.

• Seippel, Ørnulf (2019). Professionalization of voluntary sport organizations: A study of the Quality Club Programme of the Norwegian Football Association. European Sport Management Quarterly. ISSN 1618-4742. 19. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2019.1579240. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Research Question: This research investigates Norwegian football clubs’ participation in the Quality Club Programme (QCP) as a case of professionalization consisting of two stages – short term: more education, knowledge and documentation as well as better skills and improved organizational structure; long term: potential problems related to bureaucracy and full-fledged professions. In light of this distinction, the researchers ask the clubs why they take part in QCP and what they want to get out of it. This paper also invites reflections on the more troublesome part of voluntary organizations’ participation in processes of professionalization. Finally, we explore what the clubs understand to be the driving forces behind the programme and discuss whether these factors are conducive to the aims that the clubs have for their participation. Research Methods: The data comprise semi-structured interviews with 22 football clubs analysed by theme-based coding and categorization. Results and Findings: Clubs take part in QCP because they are expected to (i.e. institutionalization), to increase their autonomy and to improve their control over important resources: volunteers (i.e. resource dependency). To achieve this, the clubs see better routines, more predictability and improved structure as imperative. This study’s results show that what clubs report as making the programme function does not always work in favour of the clubs’ aims. Implications: The findings indicate that broad, multi-institutional approaches and action-oriented theories are necessary for understanding the choices and actions of voluntary sport clubs. Also shown is how the tools chosen for organizational development could be contrary to organizations’ aims.

• Ibsen, Bjarne; Elmose-Østerlund, Karsten; Feiler, Svenja; Breuer, Christoph; Seippel, Ørnulf & Van der Roest, Jan-Willem [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Democratic Participation in Voluntary Associations: A Multilevel Analysis of Sports Clubs in Europe. VOLUNTAS - International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. ISSN 0957-8765. doi: 10.1007/s11266-018-00088-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Non-profit associations are usually democratically organized, and this feature plays a legitimizing role for the public support to associations. This article examines which characteristics at country level, organizational level and individual level can explain variations with regard to member engagement in the association democracy in sports clubs in Europe. The statistical analyses use data on 12,755 members from 642 sports clubs in ten European countries. The findings show that the majority of the members in sports clubs participate in the association democracy, but the level and form of engagement varies considerably. At the country level, no link between the democratic strength and quality of the countries on the one hand and member engagement on the other could be identified. Instead, characteristics at the organizational and individual level were found to be relevant. More concretely, (1) the size of the sports club, (2) the socioeconomic background of the members (gender, age and education), and (3) the way in which the members are involved in and affiliated to the club (engaged in voluntary work, participating in social activities, etc.) were found to be significantly correlated with the engagement of members in the association democracy.

• Wilhelmsen, Terese; Sørensen, Marit & Seippel, Ørnulf (2019). Motivational Pathways to Social and Pedagogical Inclusion in Physical Education. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. ISSN 0736-5829. 36(1), s. 19–41. doi: 10.1123/apaq.2018-0019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article is focused on how combinations of motivational attributes and motivational climates support social and pedagogical inclusion in physical education among children with disabilities. Theoretically, the authors integrate tenets from achievement-goal theory and self-determination theory. To capture the motivational complexity underlying children’s experiences of inclusion in physical education, they use a 2-step fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis. The analyses of contextual conditions yielded 2 sufficient inclusion-supportive climates, namely a physically inclusive and mastery-oriented climate or a physical inclusive, autonomy-supportive, and low performance-oriented climate. The configurations of motivational attributes in the inclusion-supportive climates indicated 4 sufficient pathways to social and pedagogical inclusion. The path with the largest coverage of children was in the physically inclusive and mastery-oriented climate and represented children who were task and ego oriented and low on amotivation and experienced satisfaction of the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

• Seippel, Ørnulf & Skille, Eivind (2019). Sports participation in Norway. I Green, Kenneth Stanley; Sigurjonsson, Thorsteinn Josef & Skille, Eivind (Red.), Sport in Scandinavia and the Nordic countries. Routledge. ISSN 978-1-138-05215-4. s. 108–135. doi: 10.4324/9781315167978-6.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2018). Topics and trends: 30 years of sociology of sport. European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS). ISSN 1613-8171. 15(3), s. 288–307. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2018.1475098. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  What is and was the sociology of sports all about? Through the method of topic modelling, I will investigate the content of all articles (full text, N¼1923) from what has historically been the three leading sociology of sport journals – Sociology of Sport Journal, International Review for the Sociology of Sport and Journal of Sport and Social Issues – from 1984 to 2014. The study extracts 20 dominant topics: from the vague but central topic of Culture via Organization & Politics, Gender, Race, and Body to the less central, but more specific, topic of Football, Nationalism and Globalization. Additionally, I look at how the three journals have their strongholds in these topics, and how the topics have fluctuated over time. The results are discussed against the background of previous reviews and studies in the sociology of sports.

• Seippel, Ørnulf (2018). Do sports matter to people? A cross-national multilevel study. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2018.1490263. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Do people consider sports as important? In this article, I investigate how people (N ≈ 44,000) in 33 countries (ISSP 2007) assess three aspects of sports: sports as socialization, integration and internationalization. I study opinions on sports in light of individual and national characteristics, and find that close to 90% of the inhabitants of the nations participating in this study supports the idea that sports matters for socialization, whereas 76% of the respondents think that sports also have a positive integrative effect. People agree less with the idea that sports help for the relations between nations. The multivariate analyses show that high education and high income go together with positive opinions on most aspects of sports. There is an interaction showing that the effect of education depends on the GNP of nations. Women tend to be more skeptical towards the benign effects of sports, whereas older people are more positive.

• Seippel, Ørnulf; Dalen, Håvard Bergesen; Sandvik, Morten Renslo & Solstad, Gerd Marie (2018). From political sports to sports politics: on political mobilization of sports issues. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. ISSN 1940-6940. 10(4), s. 669–686. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2018.1501404. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  How and why do sports issues turn into politics? The aim of this paper is to explore how politicization of sports might happen, to show how social movement theory might contribute to such understandings and to contribute to a theoretical understanding of the political mobilization of sports issues. To achieve this aim, we outline a three-dimensional theoretical framework based on social movement theory. Thereafter we present six cases of more-or-less contested sports issues: gender, sexuality, doping, extreme wages, boxing/violence and failed talent development. Finally, we discuss the main features of our theoretical framework in light of these cases. How do political opportunity structures contribute to political mobilization of sports issues? How do cultural factors make a difference in political processes concerning sports? Which actors are involved when contested sports issues occur? The aim of this exploration is to discover how various societal factors addressed in our theoretical framework matter relative to how and why sports issues might turn into politics.

• Seippel, Ørnulf (2017). Sports and Nationalism in a Globalized World. International Journal of Sociology. ISSN 0020-7659. 47(1), s. 43–61. doi: 10.1080/00207659.2017.1264835. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The topic of this article is sport nationalism. Using survey data from 25 countries, the study shows generally high levels of sport nationalism. The results indicate, however, that Western Europe has a lower level of sport nationalism while some less developed countries and Eastern Europe have higher levels. Furthermore, this research looks at how sport nationalism depends on individual and national characteristics. At the individual level, age, religion, income, sport participation, and sport attendance show a positive correlation with sport nationalism, whereas education has a negative correlation. The effect of age varies between countries. More democratic, prosperous, and globalized countries are the least sport nationalistic. Looking at how individual and national factors interact, the individual effect of education depends on the national level of cultural globalization (i.e., a greater negative effect in more globalized countries), and the individual effect of income depends on gross domestic product.

• Strandbu, Åse; Gulløy, Elisabeth; Andersen, Patrick Lie; Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay & Dalen, Håvard Bergesen (2017). Ungdom, idrett og klasse: Fortid, samtid og framtid. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 2535-2512. 1(2), s. 132–151. doi: 10.18261/issn.2535-2512-2017-02-03. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I denne artikkelen undersøker vi den klassebaserte rekrutteringen til ungdomsidretten i Norge over en 60 års periode. Vi har analysert tilgjengelige publikasjoner om klasseforskjeller i ungdoms idrettsdeltakelse, og vi har satt denne analysen inn i en teoretisk og historisk sammenheng. Spørsmålene vi stiller er hvordan sammenhengen mellom idrettsdeltakelse og klassebakgrunn har vært forstått historisk og teoretisk, hvordan klasseforskjeller i idrettsdeltakelse er målt i landsrepresentative ungdomsundersøkelser, hvilke klasseforskjeller som er funnet, hvordan disse er forklart og hvordan vi kan tenke oss at klassebakgrunn kommer til å få betydning framover. Vår gjennomgang viser at mens det var store klasseforskjeller i idrettsaktivitet på begynnelsen av 1950-tallet, finner vi ikke slike tydelige klasseforskjeller i undersøkelser fra 1980- og 1990-tallet og heller ikke fra tidlig 2000-tall. Derimot har vi vist, med ulike målemetoder som en mulig feilkilde, at det er tegn til tydeligere forskjeller i senere studier. Vi foreslår også at tre prosesser – profesjonalisering av idretten, økende kostnader og krav om mer intensiv foreldreinvolvering – kan tenkes å bidra til en mer ekskluderende barne- og ungdomsidrett i framtida.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay & Strandbu, Åse (2017). Populist political right opinions and political trust among Norwegian youth. Journal of Youth Studies. ISSN 1367-6261. 20(4), s. 415–429. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2016.1241863. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recent decades have seen the growth of various strands of rightwing populist political orientations, where populism and critique of immigration policies have been central. These ideological developments have caused concern for the legitimacy of social and political institutions. The question explored in this paper, based on Norwegian survey data, is ‘Which types of right political orientations exist among young people, and how do these political attitudes affect trust in social and political institutions?’ The results reveal the existence of both a populist ‘new right’ political orientation similar to the ideology of the Progress Party and a nativist ideology. The new right orientation contains two sets of variables: (i) economic liberalism/state scepticism and (ii) nationalist values. For trust in political institutions, the emerging picture is complex because the nationalist dimension of both the populist orientation and the nativist ideological orientation implies a high level of trust in political institutions. To the extent the new right political orientations causes mistrust, it seems to come from the liberal economic, anti-statist values included in this ideology. Based on these findings, future researchers should distinguish more clearly between the ideological dimensions going into populist political right orientations and the relationship between attitudes and more practical implications of such ideologies.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2016). Sport and Social Capital. I Grix, Jonathan (Red.), Sport politics. Sage Publications. ISSN 9781473914513.
• Elmose-Østerlund, Karsten & Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2016). idræt og social kapital. I Thing, Lone Friis & Wagner, Ulrik (Red.), Grundbog i idrætssociologi. Munksgaard Forlag. ISSN 978-87-628-1595-7. s. 431–444.
• Rafoss, Kolbjørn & Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2016). Friluftslivs aktiviteter i den norske befolkningen - en studie av utviklingstrekk og sosiale forskjeller i perioden 1990-2013, Ute! Friluftsliv - pedagogiske, historiske og sosiologiske perspektiver. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 978-82-450-1755-7. s. 185–210.
• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay; Broch, Trygve B; Kristiansen, Elsa; Skille, Eivind Åsrum; Wilhelmsen, Terese & Strandbu, Åse [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Political framing of sports: the mediated politicisation of Oslo’s interest in bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. ISSN 1940-6940. 8(3), s. 439–453. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2016.1182047. Vis sammendrag

  Sport is a malleable phenomenon: it is not obvious what might be contentious about sports and how sports eventually turn into political questions. For years, there had been discussions on whether the city of Oslo should make a bid for the Winter Olympics 2022. In 2012, it was decided that the issue should be the topic for an advisory referendum in 2013. This guaranteed the presence of a sport issue on the public agenda for a longer period. We used the occasion of the referendum to study how a sports issue was framed politically through a content analysis of articles on the issue in a selection of Norwegian papers the year leading up to the election (N = 362). We first give a basic overview of number of articles, the papers in which they occur, article type, and timing. Then, we present the stand taken on the issue and identify the actors involved. Two groups of actors, both positive to making a bid, dominated the debate: sport organisations and Oslo politicians. Finally, we look at the issues discussed. The dominant themes were sport facilities, economic questions, urban development, and sport goods. In our conclusion, we emphasised three aspects of the debate. First, Norwegian regional politics were central in giving meaning to the issue and sports-specific benefits became more marginal. Second, the core argument became that we need a large sports event primarily because of indirect effects. Third, sports as a political issue lacks ‘severity’ and ‘efficacy’ and sports are lacking ‘propriety’.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2016). Sprek, vakker og kjedelig? : trening og mening blant ungdom: 1985-2013. I Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay; Sisjord, Mari Kristin & Strandbu, Åse (Red.), Ungdom og idrett. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-44967-4. s. 93–112.
• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2016). Attacking beautifully or defending efficiently? A sociological analysis of the prevalence and effect of football strategies. Soccer and Society. ISSN 1466-0970. 19(2), s. 185–204. doi: 10.1080/14660970.2015.1133411. Vis sammendrag

  Football ideology is built upon an antagonism between offensive and defensive and effective and beautiful football: attack beautifully and lose, or, defend efficiently and win! In this article, I address the validity of this hegemonic understanding and investigate the extent to which (i) modern football actually practises one or the other – scoring goals or avoids conceding – and (ii) how the two strategies actually pay off. The case is 65 years of Scandinavian male football. I start with an overview of numbers of scored goals and variation in scoring. Next, I look at whether success depends on scoring the most or conceding the least. Finally, I analyse how many positions each goal is worth. In general terms, the finding is a defensive trend where modern football has fewer and more valuable goals, but that this trend has clear wavelike patterns, indicating that which strategy being profitable varies.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay & Skille, Eivind Åsrum (2015). Sport clubs in Norway. I Breuer, Christoph; Hoekman, Remco; Nagel, Siegfried & van der Werff, Harold (Red.), Sport clubs in Europe : a cross-national comparative perspective. Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-17634-5. s. 309–324. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-17635-2_17. Vis sammendrag

  ​This book presents an up-to-date portrait of the characteristics of sport clubs in various European countries and their role in society and the national sport system. Furthermore, it offers a cross-national comparative perspective of sport clubs in twenty European countries. Containing both empirical data and information on the political and historical backgrounds of sport clubs, the book is organized in three parts. First, the authors provide an overview of the theoretical approach of the book and a description of the framework used for the country chapters. Second, the country chapters, written by experts within the field, provide a systematic overview of the available information on sport clubs in each country. These chapters are structured to answer the following questions: (1) What is the position of sport clubs within the national sport structure? (2) Which role do they fulfil in policy and society? (3) What are their basic characteristics and what factors influence the development of sport clubs? The book is concluded with a systematic comparison of the participating countries with the purpose of forging a clear link between the functioning of policy systems, observed problems, and possible solutions, and with a future research agenda on sport clubs. In an era of increased collaboration between European states, sport provides a natural vehicle through which to compare changes in culture, economics, and policy across nations. Sport Clubs in Europe will appeal to scholars of nonprofit management, sports management and sports sociology as well as administrators and policy makers in the international sports community.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2015). Physical exercise and social inequality in Norway - A comparison of OLS and quantile regression analysis. European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS). ISSN 1613-8171. 12(4), s. 355–376. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2015.11730363. Vis sammendrag

  About two thirds of the Norwegian population exercise less than recommended by public authorities. Traditional studies of exercise and social inequality using OLS-regression give us information on the average person (conditioned mean value of a distribution), but might ignore information useful for understanding the situation for those, as in the Norwegian case, less physically active. In this article quantile regression – addressing units at various quantiles, not only the mean – is used to study social inequality related to physical exercise. Three types of exercise are studied – exercising locally, associational sport, fi tness exercise – in light of social background variables. The crux of the analyses is an understanding of how the dependence of various independent variables differs across quantiles and that these results in several cases also differ from what OLS-regression tells us. The data applied are Norwegian (ISSP 2007).

• Østerlund, Karsten & Seippel, Ørnulf (2013). Does Membership in Civil Society Organizations Foster Social Integration? : The Case of Danish Voluntary Sport Organizations. Journal of Civil Society. ISSN 1744-8689. 9(4), s. 391–413. doi: 10.1080/17448689.2013.847548. Vis sammendrag

  Voluntary organizations are generally perceived as important arenas in which social integration can be fostered. There is, however, no consensus on the meaning of such integration, and the empirical evidence for the claim is lacking. This article studies social integration within voluntary sport organizations, which make up a significant element of civil society in most Western societies. The article provides a theoretical framework well suited for the study of social integration, which differentiates members according to their levels of social interaction and emotional bonding across four community types: Strong, pragmatic, mediated, and weak. When applying this framework to the case of Danish sport organizations, the distribution of members among the four community types indicates that, although sport organizations are important arenas for the development of social integration, there is also a large minority of members who do not experience social integration. This article shows that both individual characteristics linked to members and organizational characteristics linked to sport organizations exert significant influence on the level and nature of social integration. Jointly, the results demonstrate that there are grounds to reassess the general conception that sport organizations are important arenas in which social integration can be fostered.

• Seippel, Ørnulf; De Marchi, Bruna; Garnåsjordet, Per Arild & Aslaksen, Iulie (2012). Public opinions on biological diversity in Norway: Politics, science, or culture? Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift. ISSN 0029-1951. 66(5), s. 290–299. doi: 10.1080/00291951.2012.744091.
• Seippel, Ørnulf & Strandbu, Åse (2012). Political framings of biological diversity: The case of the Norwegian Nature Index. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift. ISSN 0029-1951. 66(5), s. 279–289. doi: 10.1080/00291951.2012.743167.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2012). Venner, foreninger eller bosted? Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning. ISSN 0809-2052. 15(3), s. 222–236.
• Strandbu, Åse & Seippel, Ørnulf (2012). "Ungdom uten framtid rystet hele England" : ungdomsopptøyene i England i norske aviser. Tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning. ISSN 1502-7759. 12(1), s. 43–66. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Governance and Social Capital: Democratic Effects and Policy Outcomes in a Nordic Sport Model. I Groeneveld, Margaret; Houlihan, Barrie & Ohl, Fabien (Red.), Social Capital and Sport Governance in Europe. Routledge. ISSN 978-0-415-87609-4. s. 163–180.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Sport and Social Capital. I Giulianotti, Richard (Red.), Sociology of sport. Sage Publications. ISSN 978-085702-919-5.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2010). Professionals and volunteers: on the future of a Scandinavian sport model. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. 13(2), s. 199–211. doi: 10.1080/17430430903522921. Vis sammendrag

  Even though most people seem to be correct in assuming that modern sport is somehow about to professionalize, approaches to this process are often rather superficial and one-sided in their focus on professionalization as implying more athletes with higher wages. A proper understanding of how a process of professionalization might affect the Scandinavian way to organize sport in voluntary organizations requires answers to three questions: (1) What is in fact happening to Scandinavian sport when it comes to professionalization? (2) What characteristics of voluntary organizations matter when holding forth voluntary organizations as something defensible? (3) What does a sociological concept of professionalization actually imply within this context of sport and the voluntary sector? Bringing the answers to these three questions together helps understanding of how a process of professionalization might influence voluntary organizations, their way of functioning and thereby their ability to fulfil the visions associated with them.

• Ibsen, Bjarne & Seippel, Ørnulf (2010). Voluntary organized sport in Denmark and Norway. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. 13(4), s. 593–608. doi: 10.1080/17430431003616266. Vis sammendrag

  Sport organized through voluntary organizations is widespread in the Scandinavian countries, and voluntary organized sport in Denmark and Norway is the topic of this essay. The two cases are compared along a set of dimensions: voluntary sector in general and voluntary sport in particular (organizational structures, level of participation, type of activity and ideology, resources and relations to the public sector). Having described the two cases, we try to understand and explain similarities and differences between them. We end the essay with a discussion of some future challenges for voluntary organized sport in the Scandinavian countries.

• Bergsgard, Nils Asle; Nødland, Svein Ingve & Seippel, Ørnulf (2009). "For den som har, skal få?" Makt og avmakt i lokal anleggspolitikk. I Rafoss, Kolbjørn & Tangen, Jan Ove (Red.), Kampen om idrettsanleggene : planlegging, politikk og bruk. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 978-82-450-0734-3. s. 125–155.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2008). Public Policies, Social Capital and Voluntary Sport. I Hoye, Russell (Red.), Sport and Social Capital. Elsevier. ISSN 978-0-7506-8586-3. s. 233–257.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2008). Sports in Civil Society: Networks, Social Capital and Influence. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. 24(1), s. 69–80. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcm035. Vis sammendrag

  Sports represent the largest category of voluntary organizations in many European countries. This article addresses questions concerning the position, centrality and influence of sports organizations as one specific part of civil society, and is based on an approach providing information on networks between categories of organizations. These networks consist of overlapping affiliations to organizations which are then interpreted as structures making communication, persuasion and influence possible. From these networks, position, centrality and potential influence of sports organizations in civil society are analysed. The article also looks more specifically at the links between sports and seven other types of voluntary organizations. The data is based on Norwegian surveys from 1982, 1990, and 2003, providing the possibility to follow sports organizations over a period of 20 years. The results show that sports organizations are influential due to size, but relatively weakly embedded and positioned in civil society. This position is, however, strengthened compared to most other organizations during the last 20 years. Regarding the relation of sports to other specific organizations some type of ‘normalization’ seems to have taken place, and sports are socially ‘closer’ to most organizations in 2003 than in 1982.

• Seippel, Ørnulf (2007). Trees, Ecology and Biological Diversity: Norwegian Nature Protection and Environmentalism. I van Koppen, Kris & Markham, William T. (Red.), Protecting Nature: Organizations and Networks in Europe and the USA. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 978-1-84542-970-6. s. 165–186.
• Thrane, Christer & Seippel, Ørnulf (2002). Fysisk aktivitet : begrunnelser, utbredelse og determinanter, Idrettens bevegelser : sosiologiske studier av idrett i et moderne samfunn. Oslo. s. 28–43.
• Breivik, Gunnar & Seippel, Ørnulf (2002). Ekstremsport og risikotaking som sosiologisk og samfunnsmessig fenomen. I Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (Red.), Idrettens bevegelser : sosiologiske studier av idrett i et moderne samfunn. Novus Forlag. s. 154–179.
• Skirstad, Berit & Seippel, Ørnulf (2002). Norske idrettslag : oversikt og utfordringer Norwegian sport clubs : overview and challenges. I Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (Red.), Idrettens bevegelser : sosiologiske studier av idrett i et moderne samfunn. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270993512. s. 229–254.

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• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay; Sisjord, Mari Kristin & Strandbu, Åse (2016). Ungdom og idrett. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 978-82-02-44967-4. 342 s.
• Enjolras, Bernard ; Seippel, Ørnulf & Waldahl, Ragnhild Holmen (2005). Norsk idrett - organisering, fellesskap og politikk. Akilles forlag. ISBN 82-7286-156-9. 192 s.
• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2002). Idrettens bevegelser : sosiologiske studier av idrett i et moderne samfunn. Novus Forlag. 26 s.
• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2002). Idrettens bevegelser : sosiologiske studier av idrett i et moderne samfunn. Novus Forlag. ISBN 9788270993512. 29 s.

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• Skauge, Mads & Seippel, Ørnulf (2021). Where do They all Come From? Youth, Fitness Gyms, Sport Clubs and Social Inequality | A Summary. Idrottsforum.org - Nordic Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 1652-7224.
• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2016). På vilka sätt kan föreningsidrott ha demokratiska effekter? I Dartsch, Christine; Norberg, Johan R. & Pihlblad, Johan (Red.), Föreningen, laget och jaget: 7 perspektiv på idrottens demokratiska effekter. Centrum för idrottsforskning. ISSN 978-91-981833-7-5. s. 15–26.
• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay; Broch, Trygve B; Kristiansen, Elsa; Skille, Eivind Åsrum; Strandbu, Åse & Thorjussen, Ingfrid M. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Political Framings of Sport? A content analysis of the media coverage of Oslo’s bid for the 2022 Olympics.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2012). Public Opinions of Biological Diversity.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2012). Ungdom og fysisk aktivitet.
• Strandbu, Åse & Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Political Framings of Biological Diversity: On the Norwegian Nature Index.
• Seippel, Ørnulf & Ulseth, Anne-Lene Bakken (2011). Fitness, Class and Culture: Social Inequality in Fitness, Idrottsforum.org - Nordic Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 1652-7224.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Lav terskel - høy utteling. [Internett]. www.treningsmagasinet.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Lav terskel – høy uttelling. [Internett]. www.forskning.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Bellona og Zero får for mye støtte. [Internett]. www.ukeavisenledelse.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). ‘Kameratgjeng med støtte fra næringslivet’. [Avis]. Vårt Land .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Unge trener ikke mindre enn før. [Internett]. www.side2.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Unge trener ikke mindre enn før. [Internett]. www.ba.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Unge trener ikke mindre enn før. [Internett]. www.trening.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Knuser myten om late barn. [Avis]. VG.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Trenar like mykje som før. [Avis]. Bergens Tidende .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Ungdommer er ikke late. [Internett]. www.ledernett.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Avkrefter påstand. [Avis]. iTromsø .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Avkrefter påstand. [Internett]. www.itromso.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Unge trener minst like mye som tidligere. [Avis]. Fædrelandsvennen .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Unge trener ikke mindre enn før. [Internett]. www.fysioterapeuten.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Ungdom trener like mye som før. [Internett]. www.t-a.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Unge trener minst like mye som før. [Internett]. www.forskning.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Idrettsungdom scorer også på skolen. [Avis]. Adresseavisen .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Fra idrettslag til treningsstudio. [Avis]. Adresseavisen .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Flere trener mer. [Internett]. www.dn.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Flere trener mye. [Avis]. Aftenposten Morgen .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Barnas idrett robber lommeboka. [Internett]. www.adressa.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Kostbart utstyrsjag i barnas idrettsaktiviteter. [Avis]. Adresseavisen .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Idretten svikter sitt samfunnsoppdrag. [Internett]. www.sportsanalyse.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Svenskene knuser oss. [Avis]. Klassekampen .
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Svenskene knuser oss. [Internett]. www.klassekampen.no.
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2010). «Norrlands Akvavit». Dagsavisen. ISSN 1503-2892.
• Seippel, Ørnulf; Ibsen, Bjarne & Norberg, Johan R (2010). Introduction: sport in Scandinavian societies. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. 13(4), s. 563–566. doi: 10.1080/17430431003616167.
• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay & Smeland, Frode (2015). For vi kommer ikke til å sitte i styret i all evighet» - En studie av norske fotballklubbers arbeid med Kvalitetsklubb. Norges fotballforbund.
• Dæhlen, Marianne; Danielsen, Kirsten; Strandbu, Åse & Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2013). Voksne i grunnskole og videregående opplæring. nova. ISSN 978-82-7894-468-4. 2013(7).
• Krange, Olve; Seippel, Ørnulf; Strandbu, Åse & Figari, Helene (2013). Kontroverser om biologisk mangfold i norske skoger. En analyse av mottakelsen av Naturindeks for Norge 2010. Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring (NOVA). ISSN 978-82-7894-462-2. 2013(4).
• Bakken, Anders & Seippel, Ørnulf (2012). Framgangsrike skoler under Kunnskapsløftet. NOVA - Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring. ISSN 978-82-7894-448-6. 2012(10).
• Seippel, Ørnulf; Abebe, Dawit Shawel & Strandbu, Åse (2012). Å trene, trener, har trent? En longitudinell undersøkelse av sammenhengen mellom treningsvaner i tenårene og tidlig voksen alder. NOVA - Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring. ISSN 978-82-7894-442-4. 2012(10).
• Strandbu, Åse & Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). «Aktiv på dagtid» i Oslo. En undersøkelse av deltakernes erfaringer. NOVA - Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring. ISSN 9788278943847.
• Strandbu, Åse & Seippel, Ørnulf (2011). Biologisk mangfold som politikk. En fokusgruppestudie av mottakelsen av Naturindeks for Norge blant ungdomspolitikere. NOVA - Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring. ISSN 9788278943847.
• Seippel, Ørnulf; Sletten, Mira Aaboen & Strandbu, Åse (2011). Ungdom og trening. NOVA - Norsk institutt for forskning, om oppvekst, velferd og aldring. ISSN 9788278943724. 2011(3/11).
• Seippel, Ørnulf (2008). Spilleroverganger og klubbutfordringer i Oslo-fotballen. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. ISSN 978-82-7763-268-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Antall spillere som bytter klubb øker, og denne rapporten gir en oversikt over spilleroverganger i Oslo Fotballkrets i 2006. Data viser at antallet overganger er høyt og økende. De fleste overgangene finner sted i ungdomsfotballen, og antallet overganger er høyere i guttefotballen enn jentefotballen. Spørsmålet om hvilke klubber som er involvert belyses på to måter: Dels ved en konkret oversikt over hvilke klubber som mister og mottar flest spillere, dels som en nettverksoversikt over hvilke klubber som er involvert i overgangene. Rapporten avsluttes med en diskusjon av hva trendene som beskrives i rapporten kan bety av utfordringer for klubbene i Oslo Fotballkrets.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2006). Frivillig innsats i Oslo-idretten. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. ISSN 82-7763-226-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Frivillig innsats er en forutsetning for driften av og aktiviteten i norske idrettslag. Denne undersøkelsen viser hvordan det står til med det frivillige arbeidet i Oslo-idretten. Rapporten viser for det første at sammensetningen av lag er forskjellig i Oslo og resten av landet: flere små lag og store lag i Oslo, og følgelig mindre mellomstore lag. Det er i gjennomsnitt 16 tillitsvalgte pr lag i Oslo, selv om det her med all sannsynlighet er en del overlapp av personer. En leder i et idrettslag sitter gjennomsnittlig 5 år, men så mange som 28 prosent har bare sittet ett år eller mindre, og noen få har sittet veldig lenge og trekker gjennomsnittet opp. Det er flere lag i Oslo (74%) enn i landet for øvrig (66%) der alt arbeidet gjøres av frivillige. Motsatt er det også flere lag i Oslo (7%) enn i landet for øvrig (4%) der en betydelig andel av arbeidet ikke gjøres av frivillige. Det legges ned 96 timer frivillig arbeid i et gjennomsnittlig idrettslag i Oslo i en gjennomsnittlig uke, noe som tilsvarer godt over 3 millioner timer i året og nesten 1775 årsverk. De viktigste arbeidsoppgavene for de frivillige er «støtteapparat» (31%), «trening og instruksjon» (29%) og «administrasjon» (15%). Av frivillig innsats som er knyttet til mer enkeltstående prosjekter, er det tre typer som dominerer: (1) idrettsarrangementer (konkurranser, idrettskoler, treningsopplegg), (2) lotterier, salg og loppemarkeder og (3) jobb eller oppdrag utført for betaling (flytting,kataloger og lignende). Omtrent 70 % av lagene har vært med på slike arrangementer, og i gjennomsnitt har hvert lag deltatt i 3 slike arrangementer og brukt litt over 700 timer på denne typen frivillig arbeid. Dette tilsvarer 475000 timer i året og utgjør nesten 275 årsverk. 24 % av lagene har folk ansatt («til daglig») og det legges ned 1,5 timer betalt arbeid pr uke pr lag. Samlet ble det lagt ned nesten 3,5 millioner timer frivillig arbeid i Oslo-idretten i 2005, noe som tilsvarer 2000 årsverk som igjen har en verdi på over 690 millioner kroner.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2005). Orker ikke, gidder ikke, passer ikke? Om frafallet i norsk idrett. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. ISSN 0333-3671. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Samtidig som norske idrettslag har svært mange medlemmer og aktivitetsnivået er høyt, er det også et kjent problem at veldig mange av de som er medlem slutter etter en tid. I denne rapporten ser jeg nærmere på hva denne frafallsproblematikken innebærer, både teoretisk og empirisk. Det at noen slutter i et idrettslag er et problem hvis det innebærer at vedkommende blir mindre fysisk aktiv, mindre sosial aktiv, har det mindre trivelig og lærer mindre enn de ellers ville gjort. I denne rapporten ser jeg på to sider av denne problematikken og antar at det at noen slutter i et idrettslag er et problem hvis det innebærer at de blir mindre fysisk aktive og/eller sosialt aktive (her: aktive i frivillige organisasjoner). Ette fire år sier 34 prosent av de som var med i et idrettslag at de ikke lenger er medlem av det id-rettsslaget de var medlem av tidligere. Til gjengjeld sier nesten halvparten av de som har sluttet at de fortsatt er medlem av et annet idrettslag; dvs at de enten var med i to idrettslag tidligere og har sluttet i et av dem, eller at de har byttet over til et annet idrettslag. Blant de som fortsetter i idrettslaget er 14 prosent mer aktive, 43 prosent er på samme aktivitetsnivå, 20 prosent er mindre aktive og 23 prosent oppgir å være passive medlemmer. 51 prosent av de som har sluttet i idrettslaget oppgir at de er fysisk aktive flere ganger i uken eller mer, 27 prosent en gang i uken og 22 prosent er fysisk aktive sjeldnere enn en gang i uken. Den vanligste arenaen å trene på for de som har sluttet i idrettslaget er «i nærmiljøet» (56 prosent), treningsstudio (34 prosent), hjemme (28 prosent) og skole- eller studiested (26 prosent. De som slutter i den frivillige idretten er noe mindre aktive i andre frivillige organisasjoner enn de som fortsatt er medlem. Det å slutte i et idrettslag er for de fleste en sammensatt affære, men når man blir bedt om å plukke ut én begrunnelse som den aller viktigste er resultatet som følger: «Flyttet» (29 prosent), «Ble skadet» (10 prosent), «Laget hadde ikke noe godt tilbud til meg lenger» (8 prosent), «Måtte bruke tid på familie» (7 prosent), «Måtte bruke tid på utdanning» (7 prosent), «Fikk andre interesser på fritiden» (6 prosent) og «Det var ikke gøy lenger» (6 prosent). Rapporten ser også nærmere på hvordan sosial og idrettslig bakgrunn kan bidra til å forklare forskjeller i endring i aktivitet og hvordan ulike begrunnelser vektlegges av ulike grupper.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2004). Treneren: Konkurranse, glede, samhold og medbestemmelse? Institutt for samfunnsforskning. ISSN 82-7763-199-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Til tross for at treneren er en helt sentral person i forhold til aktiviteten som foregår i norske idrettslag, vet vi i dag ikke så mye om han/henne. Formålet med denne rapporten er mot en slik bakgrunn å se nærmere på trenerens plass og rolle i den frivillig organiserte idretten. Som et teoretisk utgangpunkt, beskrives de rollene en trener inngår i i lys av de mange forventningene det er vanlig å stille til idrettsaktivitet. Man skal prestere (vinne), formilde verdier, lære å samarbeide, ha det trivelig og utvikle sosiale fellesskap. Disse målsettingene kan lett oppfattes som motsetningsfylte når det gjelder hvordan en trening helt konkret skal legges opp, og det er med det ofte et ganske stort handlingsrom i forhold til hva en trener faktisk velger å legge vekt på. Det anvendes så et sett av spørsmål som er utviklet av den amerikanske idrettsforskeren Chelladurai for å finne ut hvordan medlemmene i norske idrettslag ser på trenerne sine i forhold til disse ulike rollene: Fokuserer de på det å prestere, sosiale forhold og/eller det å la de aktive være med å ta beslutninger i forhold til aktiviteten?Den empiriske analysen er delt i to. En første del tar for seg hvem trenerne faktisk er (kjønn, alder, konkurranseorientering), og hvilke utøvere (kjønn, alder, konkurransenivå, type idrett) som har hva slags trenere. Et av hovedfunnene her er at det er en veldig klar mannsdominans i forhold til alle grupper utøvere (også jenter/kvinner). Den andre empiriske delen går gjennom de ulike rollene en trener kan ha, og viser i hvilken grad trenere fyller disse ulike rollene. Trenerne får i hovedsak en høy score på sosial orientering, en relativt høy score på instruksjon/trening og en klart lavere score når det gjelder det å la de aktive være med å bestemme. De to forholdene som betyr mest for å forklare forskjeller i trenerstiler er alder og konkurransenivå. De yngre utøverne og de på høyt konkurransenivå får både den mest instruerende treningen og mest sosial støtte. Samtidig som dette på noen måter kan være vel og bra, antyder det at idretten – i tillegg til den skjeve kjønnssammensetningen – har en utfordring når det gjelder trenerarbeidet i forhold til eldre utøvere og de på et lavere konkurransenivå. Undersøkelsen er basert på Idrettslagsundersøkelsen som består av et tilfeldig utvalg av medlemmer i norske idrettslag over 12 år.

• Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay (2003). Norske idrettslag 2002 : Kunnskap, ledelse og styring. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. ISSN 0333-3671. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Denne rapporten, som er en oppfølger til Norske idrettslag 2000 (ISF-rapport 2001:4), gir en beskrivelse av tre sider ved driften av norske idrettslag år 2002. For det første fokuserer den på hvordan idrettslagene arbeider i forhold til kunnskap. Den tar opp spørsmålet om lagene har handlingsplaner og hva som eventuelt er målsetting i slike planer. Videre undersøkes om lagene har vært involvert i spesielle tiltak for å rekruttere medlemmer. Til slutt viser vi i hvilken grad lagene har vært med på ulike former for kompetansebyggende tiltak, hva slags tiltak det dreier seg om, hvem som har arrangert disse og hvordan lagene vurderte oppfølgingen av de tiltakene de var med på. For det andre inneholder rapporten en oversikt over hvem som sitter i ledelsen av norske idrettslag og hvordan styrene i lagene er sammensatt. Det legges her særlig vekt på kjønns- og alderssammensetning. I denne delen av rapporten ser vi også på hvor lenge ledere og styremedlemmer sitter i sine verv (turn-over), og hvordan lagene er representert i det større idrettssystemet. Rapportens tredje hoveddel tar opp hva idrettslagene selv ser som de største utfordringene i forhold til det å gi medlemmene i laget et bedre tilbud enn de får i dag, og hva styrene i lagene ser som sine viktigste arbeidsoppgaver, evt. hva de helst ville lagt mer vekt på om de hadde muligheten til det. Som en innledning til hovedanalysene, inneholder rapporten en oversikt over idrettslagenes struktur og økonomi og den frivillige innsatsen i lagene. Analysene er basert på Idrettslagsundersøkelsen 2002.

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