The course will be taught entirely in English.

This course will deal with advanced biomechanical analysis of human movement and the associated methodologies:

• kinematic and kinetic analysis, inverse dynamics
• muscle activation and force exertion/measurement in static and dynamic contractions
  energy characteristics during human movement
• mechanical properties of force transmitting tissues
  

Students shall:

• demonstrate understanding of the biomechanical literature dealing with kinematic and kinetic analysis of human motion
• understand analysis of muscle activation during in-vivo human movement
• understand the role of mechanical properties of force bearing tissues for performance, and adaptation to use and disuse
  

The course will be based on scientific literature. Primary course interaction will be lecture/discussion format. Relevant readings from the biomechanics literature will require short summary writing. In addition data analysis projects will require computation with appropriate software.

Students shall participate actively and sufficiently in the classes, and must present a paper review or other assignment during the course. The presentations/participation will be evaluated "approved" or "not approved".

Approved course participation will be required to enter the final exam. The final exam will be a 14 day written assignment. The assignment question is drawn, and the paper shall be of no more than 16000 words/20 pages (line 1.5) + referencelist. A graded score will be given

Main book:
Hamill, J. & Knutzen, K. M. (2008). Biomechanical basis of human movement (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health.
Chapters 2-4:
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Robertson, D., Gordon, E., Caldwell, G. E., Hamill, J., Kamen, G., Whittlesey, S. N.  (2004). Research methods in Biomechanics. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.
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Research papers: (1-30)
Aagaard, P., Simonsen, E. B., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, P. & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (2002). Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, 1318-1326.
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Aagaard, P., Simonsen, E. B., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, P. & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (2002). Neural adaptation to resistance training: Changes in evoked V-wave and H-reflex responses. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 2309-2318.
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Alkjaer, T., Simonsen, E. B., Peter Magnusson, S. P., Aagaard, H. & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (2002). Differences in the movement pattern of a forward lunge in two types of anterior cruciate ligament deficient patients: Copers and non-copers. Clinical Biomechanics, 17, 586-593.
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Bojsen-Moller, J., Schwartz, S., Kalliokoski, K. K., Finni, T. & Magnusson, S. P. (2010). Intermuscular force transmission between human plantarflexor muscles in vivo. Journal of Applied Physiology, 109, 1608-1618.
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Brüggemann, G. P., Arampatzis, A., Emrich, F. & Potthast, W. (2008). Biomechanics of double transtibial amputee sprint.gifing using dedicated sprint.gifing prostheses. Sports Technology, 1(4-5), 220-227.
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Couppe, C., Kongsgaard, M., Aagaard, P., Hansen, P., Bojsen-Moller, J., Kjaer, M. & Magnusson, S. P. (2008). Habitual loading results in tendon hypertrophy and increased stiffness of the human patellar tendon. Journal of Applied Physiology, 105, 805-810.
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Enoka, R. M. (1996). Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(6), 2339-2346.
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Escamilla, R. F., Zheng, N., MacLeod, T. D., Imamura, R., Edwards, W.B., Hreljac, A. (et al.). (2010). Cruciate ligament tensile forces during the forward and side lunge. Clinical Biomechanics, 25, 213-221.
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Farina, D., Merletti, R. & Enoka, R.M. (2004). The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG. Journal of Applied Physiology,  96, 1486-1495.
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Farina, D. (2006). Interpretation of the surface electromyogram in dynamic contractions. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 34(3), 121-127.
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Farina, D. (2008). Counterpoint: Spectral properties of the surface emg do not provide information about motor unit recruitment and muscle fiber type. Journal of Applied Physiology, 105(5), 1673-1674.
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Finni, T., Hodgson, J. A., Lai, A. M., Edgerton ,V. R. & Sinha, S. (2003). Nonuniform strain of human soleus aponeurosis-tendon complex during submaximal voluntary contractions in vivo. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95, 829-837.
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Heijne, A., Fleming, B. C., Renstrom, P. A,. Peura, G. D., Beynnon, B. D. & Werner, S. (2004). Strain on the anterior cruciate ligament during closed kinetic chain exercises. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 36, 935-941.
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Ishikawa, M., Komi, P.V., Finni, T. & Kuitunen, S. (2006). Contribution of the tendinous tissue to force enhancement during stretch-shortening cycle exercise depends on the prestretch and concentric phase intensities. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 16, 423-431.
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Koga, H., Nakamae, A., Shima, Y., Iwasa, J., Myklebust, G., Engebretsen, L. (et al.) (2010). Mechanisms for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: Knee joint kinematics in 10 injury situations from female team handball and basketball. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, 2218-2225.
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Kongsgaard, M., Reitelseder, S., Pedersen, T. G., Holm, L., Aagaard, P., Kjaer, M. (2007). Region specific patellar tendon hypertrophy in humans following resistance training. Acta Physiologica, 191(2), 111-121.
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deKoning, J. J, Houdijk, H., deGroot, G. & Bobbert, M.F. (2000). From biomechanical theory to application in top sports: The Klapskate story. Journal of Biomechanics, 33, 1225-1229.
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Krosshaug, T., Slauterbeck, J. R., Engebretsen, L. & Bahr, R. (2007). Biomechanical analysis of anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanisms: three-dimensional motion reconstruction from video sequences. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 17, 508-519.
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Lichtwark, G. A., Bougouilas, K. & Wilson A. M. (2007). Muscle fascicle and series elastic element length changes along the length of the human gastrocnemius during walking and running. Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 157-164.
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Lieberman, D. E., Venkadesan, M., Werbel, W. A., Daoud, A. I., D'Andrea, S., Davis, I. S. (et al.) (2010). Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature, 463, 531-535.
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Magnusson, S. P., Hansen, P., Aagaard, P., Brond, J., Dyhre-Poulsen, P., Bojsen-Møller, J. (et al). (2003). Differential strain patterns of the human gastrocnemius aponeurosis and free tendon, in vivo. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 177, 185-195.
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Magnusson, S. P., Narici, M.V., Maganaris, C. N. & Kjaer, M. (2008). Human tendon behaviour and adaptation, in vivo. Journal of Physiology, 586, 71-81.
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Mündermann, A., Stefanyshyn, D. J., Darren, J. & Nigg, B. M. (2001). Relationship between footwear comfort of shoe inserts and anthropometric and sensory factors. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(11), 1939-1945.
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Nigg, B. M., Stefanyshyn, D. J., Cole, G., Stergiou, P. & Miller, J. (2003). The effect of material characteristics of shoe soles on muscle activation and energy aspects during running. Journal of Biomechanics, 36(4), 569-575.
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Roy, J-P. R., & Stefanyshyn, D. J. (2006). Shoe midsole longitudinal bending stiffness and running economy, joint energy, and EMG. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(3), 562-569.
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Seynnes, O. R., Erskine, R. M., Maganaris, C. N., Longo, S., Simoneau, E. M., Grosset, J. F. et al. (2009). Training-induced changes in structural and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle hypertrophy but not to strength gains. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(2), 523-530.
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Stirling, L.M., von Tscharner, V., Kugler, P. & Nigg, B. M. (2011). Piper rhythm in the activation of the gastrocnemius medialis during running. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 21(1), 178-183.
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von Tscharner, V. & Goepfert, B. (2006). Estimation of the interplay between groups of fast and slow muscle fibers of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle while running. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 16, 188-197.
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von Tscharner, V. & Nigg, B. M. (2008).  Point: Counterpoint: Spectral properties of the surface EMG can characterize/do not provide information about motor unit recruitment strategies and muscle fiber type. Journal of Applied Physiology, 290, 1671-1675.
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