MA411 Specialisation in Physiology (10 ECTS)
Course facts
Course code
MA411
Course title
Specialisation in Physiology
ECTS
10 ECTS
Course language
English
Semester
Spring
Academic responsible
Adam Sharples
Introduction
This course provides a deeper insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation we see in skeletal muscle during physical exercise and after alterations in nutrition. The course is of advanced content, designed to cover current and ‘hot’ topics in exercise and muscle physiology by members of staff who are undertaking and publishing research in those topics. The course is also designed to improve presentation skills, group work and the synthesis of complex research papers. These are all skills now required by all scientists, and skills that employers increasingly require.
Learning outcome
The students should:
- understand which systems underlie cellular and molecular physical performance in skeletal muscle.
- be able to explain important molecular adaptations to resistance training and the mechanisms that initiate and control these adaptations
- be able to explain important cellular adaptations to exercise and the mechanisms that initiate and control these adaptations
- be able to critically discuss results from key research in the area.
Learning styles and activities
In general a lecture will be given on two days in a given week (2.5 hours each lecture) e.g. in weeks 3,5,7. Then the same days in alternative weeks (e.g. weeks 4,6,8) students in groups of 2-3 will read 2-3 articles (1 article per group) based on the lecture content from the previous week and present one of the articles. Followed by questions and group discussion.
Please note: Students must read the course schedule on Canvas as some weeks the general organization described above maybe changed.
Assessment
At the end of the seminar, students will write an individual assignment as a 14-day home exam. The answer must be a maximum of 6500 words including literature list. Grading is given. The exam questions and answers will be written in English.
Please note that tasks delivered in WISEflow will be run through the plagiarism control program Urkund.
Core material
CORE MATERIAL:
1 BOOK:
Wackerhage H. (2014). Molecular exercise physiology: An introduction. Routledge.
* You will find the book in the Library, here: ORIA
** This book is also available online: Click here to download.
*** NB! To open electronic books off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download.
1 ARTICLE IN AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL:
Review:
Sharples, A. P. (2017). Cellular and molecular exercise physiology: A historical perspective for the discovery of mechanisms contributing to skeletal muscle adaptation. Cellular and Molecular Exercise Physiology, 5(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.7457/cmep.v5i1.e10
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ARICLES IN ELECTRONIC JOURNALS:
** NB! To open electronic articles off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy & Epigenetics:
Overview - Book chapter:
Sharples, A. P. & Seaborne, R. A. (2019). Exercise and DNA methylation in skeletal muscle. I D. Barh & I. I. Ahmetov (Eds.), Sports, exercise, and nutritional genomics: Current status and future directions (pp. 211-229). Academic Press.
* This PDF is available through Canvas.
(Cleared through BOLK 06.12.20./NIH bibl. - AGG)
Original Articles:
Laker, R. C., Garde, C., Camera, D. M., Smiles, W. J., Zierath, J. R., Hawley, J. A. & Barrès, R. (2017). Transcriptomic and epigenetic responses to short-term nutrient-exercise stress in humans. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 15134. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15420-7
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Sailani, M. R., Halling, J. F., Møller, H. D., Lee, H., Plomgaard, P., Pilegaard, H., Snyder, M. P. & Regenberg, B. (2019). Lifelong physical activity is associated with promoter hypomethylation of genes involved in metabolism, myogenesis, contractile properties and oxidative stress resistance in aged human skeletal muscle. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37895-8
Overview - Book chapter:
Sharples, A. P. & Seaborne, R. A. (2019). Exercise and DNA methylation in skeletal muscle. I D. Barh & I. I. Ahmetov (Eds.), Sports, exercise, and nutritional genomics: Current status and future directions (pp. 211-229). Academic Press.
* This PDF is available through Canvas.
(Cleared through BOLK 06.12.20./NIH bibl. - AGG)
Original Articles:
Laker, R. C., Garde, C., Camera, D. M., Smiles, W. J., Zierath, J. R., Hawley, J. A. & Barrès, R. (2017). Transcriptomic and epigenetic responses to short-term nutrient-exercise stress in humans. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 15134. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15420-7
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Sailani, M. R., Halling, J. F., Møller, H. D., Lee, H., Plomgaard, P., Pilegaard, H., Snyder, M. P. & Regenberg, B. (2019). Lifelong physical activity is associated with promoter hypomethylation of genes involved in metabolism, myogenesis, contractile properties and oxidative stress resistance in aged human skeletal muscle. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37895-8
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Turner, D. C., Seaborne, R. A. & Sharples, A. P. (2019). Comparative transcriptome and methylome analysis in human skeletal muscle anabolism, hypertrophy and epigenetic memory. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 4251. https://doi.org./10.1038/s41598-019-40787-0.
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Cellular Models for Studying Skeletal Muscle Adaptation:
Turner, D. C., Seaborne, R. A. & Sharples, A. P. (2019). Comparative transcriptome and methylome analysis in human skeletal muscle anabolism, hypertrophy and epigenetic memory. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 4251. https://doi.org./10.1038/s41598-019-40787-0.
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Cellular Models for Studying Skeletal Muscle Adaptation:
Overview Article:
Kasper, A. M., Turner, D. C., Martin, N. R. W. & Sharples, A. P. (2018). Mimicking exercise in three-dimensional bioengineered skeletal muscle to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of physiological adaptation. Journal of Cellular Physiolohy, 233(3), 1985-1998. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25840
* This article is available through Canvas.
(OK based on §15 of the Copyright Law)
Orginal Articles:
Aguilar-Agon, K. W., Capel, A. J., Martin, N. R. W., Player, D. J. & Lewis, M. P. (2019). Mechanical loading stimulates hypertrophy in tissue-engineered skeletal muscle: Molecular and phenotypic responses. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(12), 23547-23558. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.2892
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Khodabukus, A., Madden, L., Prabhu, N. K., Koves, T. R., Jackman, C. P., Muoio, D. M. & Bursac, N. (2019). Electrical stimulation increases hypertrophy and metabolic flux in tissue-engineered human skeletal muscle. Biomaterials, 198, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.058
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Kim, H., Kim, M.-C. & Asada, H. H. (2019). Extracellular matrix remodelling induced by alternating electrical and mechanical stimulations increases the contraction of engineered skeletal muscle tissues. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 2732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39522-6
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Molecular and Cellular Adaptation to Endurance Exercise:
Overview Chapter:
Wackerhage H. (2014). Molecular exercise physiology: An introduction. Routledge.
Please read Chapter 4:
* You will find the book in the Library, here: ORIA
** This book is also available online: Click here to download.
*** NB! To open electronic books off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download.
Original articles:
Granata, C., Oliveira, R. S. F., Little, J. P., Renner, K. & Bishop, D. J. (2017). Sprint-interval but not continuous exercise increases PGC-1α protein content and p53 phosphorylation in nuclear fractions of human skeletal muscle. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 44227. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep44227
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Hearris, M. A., Hammond, K. M., Seaborne, R. A., Stocks, B., Shepherd, S. O., Philp, A., Sharpels, A. P., Morton, J. P. & Louis, J. B. (2019). Graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling: Implications for CHO periodization. Journal of Applied Physiology, 126(6), 1587-1597. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Mendham, A. E., Duffield, R., Coutts, A. J., Marino, F. E., Boyko, A., McAinch, A. J. & Bishop, D. J. (2016). Similar mitochondrial signaling responses to a single bout of continuous or small-sided-games-based exercise in sedentary men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(6), 1326-1334. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00289.2016
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Topic: Protein and Skeletal Muscle Growth:
Original articles:
Grundberg, E., Brandstrom, H., Ribom, E., Ljunggren, O., Mallmin, H. & Kindmark, A. (2004). Genetic variation in the human vitamin D receptor is associated with muscle strength, fat mass and body weight in Swedish women. European Journal of Endocrinology, 150(3), 323. https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/150/3/323.xml
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Pereira, A., Costa, A. M., Izquierdo, M., Silva, A. J., Bastos, E. & Marques, M. C. (2013). ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms as potential factors in modulating exercise-related phenotypes in older women in response to a muscle power training stimuli. Age, 35(5), 1949-1959. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-012-9461-3
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Thomis, M. A. I., Huygens, W., Heuninckx, S., Chagnon, M., Maes, H. H. M., Claessens, A. L., Vlietinck, R., Bouchard, C. & Beunen, G. P. (2004). Exploration of myostatin polymorphisms and the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion genotype in responses of human muscle to strength training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(3), 267-274. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1093-6
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Aging, Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
Overview article:
Cartee, G. D., Hepple, R. T., Bamman, M. M. & Zierath, J. R. (2016). Exercise Promotes Healthy Aging of Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metabolism, 23(6), 1034–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Original articles:
Aas, S. N., Breit, M., Karsrud, S., Aase, O. J., Rognlien, S. H., Cumming, K. T., Reggiani, C., Seynnes, O., Rossi, A. P., Toniolo, L. & Raastad, T. (2020). Musculoskeletal adaptations to strength training in frail elderly: a matter of quantity or quality? Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 11(3), 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12543
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Haaf, D. S. M., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Bongers, C. C. W. G., Horstman, A. M. H., Timmers, S., Groot, L. C. P. G. M. & Hopman, M. T. E. (2019). Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: A randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12394
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Karlsen, A., Soendenbroe, C., Malmgaard-Clausen, N. M., Wagener, F., Moeller, C. E., Senhaji, Z., Kjaer, M. & Mackey, A. L. (2020). Preserved capacity for satellite cell proliferation, regeneration, and hypertrophy in the skeletal muscle of healthy elderly men. FASEB Journal, 34(5), 6418–6436. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202000196R
* This article is available through Canvas.
(OK based on §15 of the Copyright Law)
Nederveen, J. P., Joanisse, S., Thomas, A. C. Q., Snijders, T., Manta, K., Bell, K. E., Phillips, S. M., Kumbhare, D. & Parise, G. (2020). Age-related changes to the satellite cell niche are associated with reduced activation following exercise. FASEB Journal. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201900787R
* This article is available through Canvas.
(OK based on §15 of the Copyright Law)
Kasper, A. M., Turner, D. C., Martin, N. R. W. & Sharples, A. P. (2018). Mimicking exercise in three-dimensional bioengineered skeletal muscle to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of physiological adaptation. Journal of Cellular Physiolohy, 233(3), 1985-1998. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25840
* This article is available through Canvas.
(OK based on §15 of the Copyright Law)
Orginal Articles:
Aguilar-Agon, K. W., Capel, A. J., Martin, N. R. W., Player, D. J. & Lewis, M. P. (2019). Mechanical loading stimulates hypertrophy in tissue-engineered skeletal muscle: Molecular and phenotypic responses. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(12), 23547-23558. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.2892
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Khodabukus, A., Madden, L., Prabhu, N. K., Koves, T. R., Jackman, C. P., Muoio, D. M. & Bursac, N. (2019). Electrical stimulation increases hypertrophy and metabolic flux in tissue-engineered human skeletal muscle. Biomaterials, 198, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.058
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Kim, H., Kim, M.-C. & Asada, H. H. (2019). Extracellular matrix remodelling induced by alternating electrical and mechanical stimulations increases the contraction of engineered skeletal muscle tissues. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 2732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39522-6
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Molecular and Cellular Adaptation to Endurance Exercise:
Overview Chapter:
Wackerhage H. (2014). Molecular exercise physiology: An introduction. Routledge.
Please read Chapter 4:
* You will find the book in the Library, here: ORIA
** This book is also available online: Click here to download.
*** NB! To open electronic books off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download.
Original articles:
Granata, C., Oliveira, R. S. F., Little, J. P., Renner, K. & Bishop, D. J. (2017). Sprint-interval but not continuous exercise increases PGC-1α protein content and p53 phosphorylation in nuclear fractions of human skeletal muscle. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 44227. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep44227
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Hearris, M. A., Hammond, K. M., Seaborne, R. A., Stocks, B., Shepherd, S. O., Philp, A., Sharpels, A. P., Morton, J. P. & Louis, J. B. (2019). Graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling: Implications for CHO periodization. Journal of Applied Physiology, 126(6), 1587-1597. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Mendham, A. E., Duffield, R., Coutts, A. J., Marino, F. E., Boyko, A., McAinch, A. J. & Bishop, D. J. (2016). Similar mitochondrial signaling responses to a single bout of continuous or small-sided-games-based exercise in sedentary men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(6), 1326-1334. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00289.2016
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Topic: Protein and Skeletal Muscle Growth:
Overview Article:
Reidy, P. T. & Rasmussen, B. B. (2016). Role of ingested amino acids and protein in the promotion of resistance exercise-induced muscle protein anabolism. Journal of Nutrition, 146(2), 155-183. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.203208
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Reidy, P. T. & Rasmussen, B. B. (2016). Role of ingested amino acids and protein in the promotion of resistance exercise-induced muscle protein anabolism. Journal of Nutrition, 146(2), 155-183. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.203208
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Original Articles:
Atherton, P. J., Kumar, V., Selby, A. L., Rankin, D., Hildebrandt, W., Phillips, B. E., Williams, J. P., Hiscock, N. & Smith, K. (2016). Enriching a protein drink with leucine augments muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young and older men. Clinical Nutrition, 36(3), 888-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.04.025
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Hamarsland, H., Handegard, V., Kåshagen, M., Benestad, H. & Raastad, T. (2019). No difference between spray dried milk and native whey supplementation with strength training. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 51(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001758.
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Macnaughton, L. S., Wardle, S. L., Witard, O. C., McGlory, C., Hamilton, D. L., Jeromson, S., ... Tipton, K. D. (2016). The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole-body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein. Physiological Reports, 4(15), e12893. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12893.
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Genetics of Strength and Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy
Overview Chapter:
Wackerhage H. (2014). Molecular exercise physiology: An introduction. Routledge.
Please read Chapter 2 and Chapter 7:
* You will find the book in the Library, here: ORIA
** This book is also available online: Click here to download.
*** NB! To open electronic books off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download.
Atherton, P. J., Kumar, V., Selby, A. L., Rankin, D., Hildebrandt, W., Phillips, B. E., Williams, J. P., Hiscock, N. & Smith, K. (2016). Enriching a protein drink with leucine augments muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young and older men. Clinical Nutrition, 36(3), 888-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.04.025
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Hamarsland, H., Handegard, V., Kåshagen, M., Benestad, H. & Raastad, T. (2019). No difference between spray dried milk and native whey supplementation with strength training. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 51(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001758.
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Macnaughton, L. S., Wardle, S. L., Witard, O. C., McGlory, C., Hamilton, D. L., Jeromson, S., ... Tipton, K. D. (2016). The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole-body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein. Physiological Reports, 4(15), e12893. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12893.
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Genetics of Strength and Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy
Overview Chapter:
Wackerhage H. (2014). Molecular exercise physiology: An introduction. Routledge.
Please read Chapter 2 and Chapter 7:
* You will find the book in the Library, here: ORIA
** This book is also available online: Click here to download.
*** NB! To open electronic books off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download.
Original articles:
Grundberg, E., Brandstrom, H., Ribom, E., Ljunggren, O., Mallmin, H. & Kindmark, A. (2004). Genetic variation in the human vitamin D receptor is associated with muscle strength, fat mass and body weight in Swedish women. European Journal of Endocrinology, 150(3), 323. https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/150/3/323.xml
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Pereira, A., Costa, A. M., Izquierdo, M., Silva, A. J., Bastos, E. & Marques, M. C. (2013). ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms as potential factors in modulating exercise-related phenotypes in older women in response to a muscle power training stimuli. Age, 35(5), 1949-1959. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-012-9461-3
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Thomis, M. A. I., Huygens, W., Heuninckx, S., Chagnon, M., Maes, H. H. M., Claessens, A. L., Vlietinck, R., Bouchard, C. & Beunen, G. P. (2004). Exploration of myostatin polymorphisms and the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion genotype in responses of human muscle to strength training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(3), 267-274. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1093-6
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
TOPIC: Aging, Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
Overview article:
Cartee, G. D., Hepple, R. T., Bamman, M. M. & Zierath, J. R. (2016). Exercise Promotes Healthy Aging of Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metabolism, 23(6), 1034–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Original articles:
Aas, S. N., Breit, M., Karsrud, S., Aase, O. J., Rognlien, S. H., Cumming, K. T., Reggiani, C., Seynnes, O., Rossi, A. P., Toniolo, L. & Raastad, T. (2020). Musculoskeletal adaptations to strength training in frail elderly: a matter of quantity or quality? Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 11(3), 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12543
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Haaf, D. S. M., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Bongers, C. C. W. G., Horstman, A. M. H., Timmers, S., Groot, L. C. P. G. M. & Hopman, M. T. E. (2019). Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: A randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12394
* This article is available online: Click here to download.
Karlsen, A., Soendenbroe, C., Malmgaard-Clausen, N. M., Wagener, F., Moeller, C. E., Senhaji, Z., Kjaer, M. & Mackey, A. L. (2020). Preserved capacity for satellite cell proliferation, regeneration, and hypertrophy in the skeletal muscle of healthy elderly men. FASEB Journal, 34(5), 6418–6436. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202000196R
* This article is available through Canvas.
(OK based on §15 of the Copyright Law)
Nederveen, J. P., Joanisse, S., Thomas, A. C. Q., Snijders, T., Manta, K., Bell, K. E., Phillips, S. M., Kumbhare, D. & Parise, G. (2020). Age-related changes to the satellite cell niche are associated with reduced activation following exercise. FASEB Journal. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201900787R
* This article is available through Canvas.
(OK based on §15 of the Copyright Law)