Håvard Wiig

• Karlsson, Ulrik Berg; Vagle, Markus; Wiig, Håvard & Luteberget, Live Steinnes (2023). Training Load Quantification in Women's Elite Football: A Season-Long Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 18(6), s. 603–614. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0272. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to investigate (1) if there are differences in training load and intensity between the different training days within a microcycle and (2) if training load and intensity within the different training days are stable over the course of a season. Data were collected over a full season from a team in the women’s premier division in Norway. External load (total distance, high-speed-running distance, sprint distance, and the combined number of accelerations and decelerations [ACCDEC]) was assessed using a 10-Hz GPS system with a built-in accelerometer. Internal load was assessed through session rating of perceived exertion, which was multiplied with session duration (session rating of perceived exertion-load). Training days were classified in relation to their proximity to the upcoming match day (MD): MD − 4, MD − 3, MD − 2, and MD − 1. Contents on these days were standardized according to a weekly periodization model followed by the coaching staff. Differences between training days were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. All training days were significantly different from each other across multiple variables. ACCDEC values were highest on MD − 4 (147.5 [13.0] ACCDEC count), and all distance variables were highest on MD − 3. All measures of training load were significantly reduced from MD − 3 to MD − 2 (effect size [ES] = 1.0–4.1) and from MD − 2 to MD − 1 (ES = 1.6-4.3). A significant negative effect across the season was observed for session rating of perceived exertion-load and ACCDEC (ES = 0.8–2.1). These results provide evidence that elite female football teams can be successful in differentiating training load between training days when implementing a weekly periodization approach.

• Gautvik, Kaare M; Olstad, Ole Kristoffer; Raue, Ulrika; Gautvik, Vigdis Teig; Kvernevik, Karl Johnny & Utheim, Tor Paaske [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Heavy-load exercise in older adults activates vasculogenesis and has a stronger impact on muscle gene expression than in young adults. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. ISSN 1813-7253. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s11556-022-00304-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wiig, Håvard; Cumming, Kristoffer Toldnes; Handegard, Vilde; Stabell Hansen, Jostein; Spencer, Matthew & Raastad, Truls (2022). Muscular heat shock protein response and muscle damage after semi-professional football match. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 32(6), s. 984–996. doi: 10.1111/sms.14148. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: A typical football match leads to neuromuscular fatigue and physical performance impairments up to 72–96 h post-match. While muscle damage is thought to be a major factor, damage on the ultrastructural level has never been documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate post-match cellular muscle damage by quantifying the heat shock protein (HSP) response as a proxy for protein damage. Methods: Muscle biopsies, blood samples, countermovement jumps, and perception of muscle soreness were obtained from twelve semi-professional football players 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after a 90-min football match. Muscle biopsies were analyzed for αB-crystallin and HSP70 in the cytosolic and cytoskeletal sub-cellular fractions by Western blotting. Fiber type-specific αB-crystallin and HSP70 staining intensity, and tenascin-C immunoreactivity were analyzed with immunohistochemistry. Blood samples were analyzed for creatine kinase and myoglobin. Results: Within 24 h post-match, a 2.7- and 9.9-fold increase in creatine kinase and myoglobin were observed, countermovement jump performance decreased by −9.7% and muscle soreness increased by 0.68 units. αB-crystallin and HSP70 accumulated in cytoskeletal structures evident by a 3.6- and 1.8-fold increase in the cytoskeletal fraction and a parallel decrease in the cytosolic fraction. In type I and II fibers, αB-crystallin staining intensity increased by 15%–41% and remained elevated at 72 h post-match. Lastly, the percentage of fibers with granular staining of αB-crystallin increased 2.2-fold. Conclusions: Football match play induced a muscular HSP stress response 1–72 h post-match. Specifically, the accumulation of HSPs in cytoskeletal structures and the granular staining of αB-crystallin suggests occurrence of ultrastructural damage. The damage, indicated by the HSP response, might be one reason for the typically 72 h decrease in force-generating capacity after football matches.

• Haugen, Thomas André; Breitschedel, Felix; Wiig, Håvard & Seiler, Stephen (2021). Countermovement Jump Height in National-Team Athletes of Various Sports: A Framework for Practitioners and Scientists. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 16(2), s. 184–189. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0964.
• Póvoas, Susana; Ascensão, António; Magalhães, Josè; Silva, Pedro; Wiig, Håvard & Raastad, Truls [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Technical match actions and plasma stress markers in elite female football players during an official FIFA Tournament. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. doi: 10.1111/sms.13878. Vis sammendrag

  This study analyzed the impact of performing four consecutive football matches separated by 48‐72 hours during a FIFA tournament on physical load, technical performance and plasma markers of redox state, muscle damage and inflammation in elite female players. Forty‐eight players from three national teams were evaluated at seven time points: before (baseline) and throughout the tournament (after each match and before two training sessions). Only data from players who played all matches were included in the analyses (N = 13). The players were divided into high‐rank (N = 6) and low‐rank (N = 7) team players according to FIFA standards. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), C‐reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant status (TAS), and uric acid (UA) were analyzed at the selected time points. Technical performance and physical load were also quantified according to team rank. Players from low‐rank teams played significantly more time than high‐rank players (85 ± 10 vs 67 ± 15 minutes; P = .02; d = 1.51). Low‐rank team players presented higher values in technical performance actions than the high‐rank team players, but most of the differences were explained by the longer match time played. UA content differed across the matches, increasing from baseline (F(4,40) = 3.90; P = .01) and more in the high‐rank team players (F(1,10) = 20.46; P = .001), while CRP only differed across the matches (F(4,36) = 2.66; P = .05), also increasing from baseline. A large time effect was shown for UA only in the high‐rank players (η2p = 0.50; P = .02). Four consecutive matches did not result in considerable alterations in plasma stress markers, physical load, and technical performance in elite female football players from distinct rank levels.

• Wiig, Håvard; Andersen, Thor Einar; Luteberget, Live & Spencer, Matthew (2020). Individual Response to External Training Load in Elite Football Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 15(5), s. 696–704. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0453. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: To investigate within-player effect, between-player effect, and individual response of external training load from player tracking devices on session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL) in elite football players. Methods: The authors collected sRPE-TL from 18 outfield players in 21 training sessions. Total distance, high-speed running distance (>14.4 m/s), very high-speed running distance (>19.8 m/s), PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and high-intensity events (HIE > 1.5, HIE > 2.5, and HIE > 3.5 m/s) were extracted from the tracking devices. The authors modeled within-player and between-player effects of single external load variables on sRPE-TL, and multiple levels of variability, using a linear mixed model. The effect of 2 SDs of external load on sRPE-TL was evaluated with magnitude-based inferences. Results: Total distance, PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and HIE > 1.5 had most likely substantial within-player effects on sRPE-TL (100%–106%, very large effect sizes). Moreover, the authors observed likely substantial between-player effects (12%–19%, small to moderate effect sizes) from the majority of the external load variables and likely to very likely substantial individual responses of PlayerLoad™, high-speed running distance, very high-speed running distance, and HIE > 1.5 (19%–30% coefficient of variation, moderate to large effect sizes). Finally, sRPE-TL showed large to very large between-session variability with all external load variables. Conclusions: External load variables with low intensity-thresholds had the strongest relationship with sRPE-TL. Furthermore, the between-player effect of external load and the individual response to external load advocate for monitoring sRPE-TL in addition to external load. Finally, the large between-session variability in sRPE-TL demonstrates that substantial amounts of sRPE-TL in training sessions are not explained by single external load variables.

• Olstad, Ole Kristoffer; Gautvik, Vigdis Teig; LeBlanc, Marissa Erin; Kvernevik, Karl Johnny; Utheim, Tor Paaske & Wiig, Håvard [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a musculoskeletal disease with a common genetic trait which responds to strength training: a translational intervention study. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease (TAMD). ISSN 1759-720X. 12. doi: 10.1177/1759720X20929443. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Clinical evidence suggests that body muscle mass is positively associated with bone mass, of significance for the elderly population at risk of osteoporosis (OP). Furthermore, muscle and bone interact mechanically and functionally, via local interactions as well as remotely via secreted components. Thus, it was of interest to compare muscle transcriptomes in postmenopausal OP and healthy women, and study effects of strength training on the muscle transcriptome, muscle stress proteins and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: Skeletal muscle histological and genetic properties were compared in postmenopausal healthy (n = 18) and OP (n = 17) women before and after heavy-load strength training for 13–15 weeks. The cohorts were of similar age and body mass index without interfering diseases, medication or difference in lifestyle factors. Muscle biopsies obtained before and after intervention were studied histologically, and stress proteins and transcriptomes analyzed. Results: The OP women showed distinct muscle transcription profiles when compared with healthy women and had higher levels of the stress proteins HSP70 and α-β-crystalline. A set of 12 muscle transcripts, including ACSS3, FZD4, GNAI1 and IGF1, were differentially expressed before and after intervention (false discovery rate ⩽0.10, p ⩽0.001), and their corresponding bone transcripts were associated with BMD. Experimental data underline and describe the functionality of these genes in bone biology. OP women had 8% (p <0.01) higher proportion of type I fibres, but muscle fibre cross-sectional area did not differ. Muscle strength increased in both groups (p <0.01). Conclusions: Postmenopausal healthy and OP women have distinct muscle transcriptomes [messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) and microRNAs] that are modulated by strength training, translating into key protein alterations and muscle fibre changes. The function of common skeletal muscle and bone genes in postmenopausal OP is suggestive of a shared disease trait.

• Wiig, Håvard; Raastad, Truls; Luteberget, Live; Ims, Ingvar & Spencer, Matthew (2019). External load variables affect recovery markers up to 72 h after semiprofessional football matches. Frontiers in Physiology. ISSN 1664-042X. 10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00689. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Player tracking devices are commonly used to monitor external load from training and matches in team sports. Yet, how the derived external load variables relate to fatigue and recovery post-training or post-match is scarcely researched. The objective was, therefore, to investigate how external load variables affect recovery markers up to 72 h post-match. Methods: Semiprofessional players from six teams wore tracking devices during three experimental football matches. External load variables including individual playing duration, total distance, PlayerLoad™, high-intensity running, and high-intensity events were derived from the tracking devices, and blood samples and performance tests from 24–59 players were undertaken post-match. The effect of the external load variables on creatine kinase, myoglobin, and countermovement jump at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h, and 30-m sprint and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery tests level 1 at 72 h post-match, were modeled. Effects were gauged as two standard deviations of the external load and interpreted as the difference between a typical high-load and a typical low-load match. The effects were evaluated with 90% confidence intervals and magnitude-based inferences. Results: High-intensity running had very likely substantial effects on creatine kinase and myoglobin (moderate factor increases of 1.5–2.0 and 1.3–1.6 respectively), while duration, total distance, and HIE showed small, likely substantial effects. PlayerLoad™ and total distance had likely substantial effects on 30-m sprint time (small increases of 2.1–2.6%). Effects on countermovement jump performance were generally non-substantial. Despite these relationships, the uncertainty was too large to predict the recovery of individual players from the external load variables. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that external load variables have an effect on recovery markers up to 72 h post-match. Hence, tracking external load in matches may be helpful for practitioners when managing training load and recovery strategies post-match. However, it is recommended that several different external load variables are monitored. Future research should continue to address the problem of predicting recovery from external load variables.

• Sedliak, Milan; Zeman, Michal; Buzgó, Gabriel; Cvečka, Ján; Hamar, Dušan & Laczo, Eugen [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Morphological, molecular and hormonal adaptations to early morning versus afternoon resistance training. Chronobiology International. ISSN 0742-0528. 35(4), s. 450–464. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1411360. Vis sammendrag

  It has been clearly established that maximal force and power is lower in the morning compared to noon or afternoon hours. This morning neuromuscular deficit can be diminished by regularly training in the morning hours. However, there is limited and contradictory information upon hypertrophic adaptations to time-of-day-specific resistance training. Moreover, no cellular or molecular mechanisms related to muscle hypertrophy adaptation have been studied with this respect. Therefore, the present study examined effects of the time-of-day-specific resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, phosphorylation of selected proteins, hormonal concentrations and neuromuscular performance. Twenty five previously untrained males were randomly divided into a morning group (n = 11, age 23 ± 2 yrs), afternoon group (n = 7, 24 ± 4 yrs) and control group (n = 7, 24 ± 3 yrs). Both the morning and afternoon group underwent hypertrophy-type of resistance training with 22 training sessions over an 11-week period performed between 07:30–08:30 h and 16:00–17:00 h, respectively. Isometric MVC was tested before and immediately after an acute loading exclusively during their training times before and after the training period. Before acute loadings, resting blood samples were drawn and analysed for plasma testosterone and cortisol. At each testing occasion, muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were obtained before and 60 min after the acute loading. Muscle specimens were analysed for muscle fibre cross-sectional areas (CSA) and for phosphorylated p70S6K, rpS6, p38MAPK, Erk1/2, and eEF2. In addition, the right quadriceps femoris was scanned with MRI before and after the training period. The control group underwent the same testing, except for MRI, between 11:00 h and 13:00 h but did not train. Voluntary muscle strength increased significantly in both the morning and afternoon training group by 16.9% and 15.2 %, respectively. Also muscle hypertrophy occurred by 8.8% and 11.9% (MRI, p < 0.001) and at muscle fibre CSA level by 21% and 18% (p < 0.01) in the morning and afternoon group, respectively. No significant changes were found in controls within these parameters. Both pre- and post-training acute loadings induced a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in muscle strength in all groups, not affected by time of day or training. The post-loading phosphorylation of p70S6Thr421/Ser424 increased independent of the time of day in the pre-training condition, whereas it was significantly increased in the morning group only after the training period (p < 0.05). Phosphorylation of rpS6 and p38MAPK increased acutely both before and after training in a time-of-day independent manner (p < 0.05 at all occasions). Phosphorylation of p70S6Thr389, eEF2 and Erk1/2 did not change at any time point. No statistically significant correlations were found between changes in muscle fibre CSA, MRI and cell signalling data. Resting testosterone was not statistically different among groups at any time point. Resting cortisol declined significantly from pre- to post-training in all three groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, similar levels of muscle strength and hypertrophy could be achieved regardless of time of the day in previously untrained men. However, at the level of skeletal muscle signalling, the extent of adaptation in some parameters may be time of day dependent.

• Lund, Jenny; Tangen, Daniel S.; Wiig, Håvard; Stadheim, Hans Kristian; Siw, Anette Helle & Birk, Jesper B. [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Glucose metabolism and metabolic flexibility in cultured skeletal muscle cells is related to exercise status in young male subjects. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. ISSN 1381-3455. 124(2), s. 119–130. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1369547. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stang, Julie; Wiig, Håvard; Hermansen, Marte & Hansen, Ernst Albin (2016). Voluntary movement frequencies in submaximal one- and two-legged knee extension exercise and pedaling. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-5161. 10(2016). doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00036. Vis sammendrag

  Understanding of behavior and control of human voluntary rhythmic stereotyped leg movements is useful in work to improve performance, function, and rehabilitation of exercising, healthy, and injured humans. The present study aimed at adding to the existing understanding within this field. To pursue the aim, correlations between freely chosen movement frequencies in relatively simple, single-joint, one- and two-legged knee extension exercise were investigated. The same was done for more complex, multiple-joint, one- and two-legged pedaling. These particular activities were chosen because they could be considered related to some extent, as they shared a key aspect of knee extension, and because they at the same time were different. The activities were performed at submaximal intensities, by healthy individuals (n = 16, thereof eight women; 23.4 ± 2.7 years; 1.70 ± 0.11 m; 68.6 ± 11.2 kg). High and fair correlations (R-values of 0.99 and 0.75) occurred between frequencies generated with the dominant leg and the nondominant leg during knee extension exercise and pedaling, respectively. Fair to high correlations (R-values between 0.71 and 0.95) occurred between frequencies performed with each of the two legs in an activity, and the two-legged frequency performed in the same type of activity. In general, the correlations were higher for knee extension exercise than for pedaling. Correlations between knee extension and pedaling frequencies were of modest occurrence. The correlations between movement frequencies generated separately by each of the legs might be interpreted to support the following working hypothesis, which was based on existing literature. It is likely that involved central pattern generators (CPGs) of the two legs share a common frequency generator or that separate frequency generators of each leg are attuned via interneuronal connections. Further, activity type appeared to be relevant. Thus, the apparent common rhythmogenesis for the two legs appeared to be stronger for the relatively simple single-joint activity of knee extension exercise as compared to the more complex multi-joint activity of pedaling. Finally, it appeared that the shared aspect of knee extension in the related types of activities of knee extension exercise and pedaling was insufficient to cause obvious correlations between generated movement frequencies in the two types of activities.

• Paulsen, Gøran; Hamarsland, Håvard; Cumming, Kristoffer Toldnes; Johansen, Rasmus Einar; Hulmi, Juha J. & Børsheim, Elisabet [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Vitamin C and E supplementation alters protein signalling after a strength training session, but not muscle growth during 10 weeks of training. Journal of Physiology. ISSN 0022-3751. 592(24), s. 5391–5408. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279950. Vis sammendrag

  This study investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on acute responses and adaptations to strength training. Thirty-two recreationally strength-trained men and women were randomly allocated to receive a vitamin C and E supplement (1000 mg day−1 and 235 mg day−1, respectively), or a placebo, for 10 weeks. During this period the participants’ training involved heavy-load resistance exercise four times per week. Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were collected, and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and maximal isometric voluntary contraction force, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and muscle cross-sectional area (magnetic resonance imaging) were measured before and after the intervention. Furthermore, the cellular responses to a single exercise session were assessed midway in the training period by measurements of muscle protein fractional synthetic rate and phosphorylation of several hypertrophic signalling proteins. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis twice before, and 100 and 150 min after, the exercise session (4 × 8RM, leg press and knee-extension). The supplementation did not affect the increase in muscle mass or the acute change in protein synthesis, but it hampered certain strength increases (biceps curl). Moreover, increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 and p70S6 kinase after the exercise session was blunted by vitamin C and E supplementation. The total ubiquitination levels after the exercise session, however, were lower with vitamin C and E than placebo. We concluded that vitamin C and E supplementation interfered with the acute cellular response to heavy-load resistance exercise and demonstrated tentative long-term negative effects on adaptation to strength training.

• Paulsen, Gøran; Cumming, Kristoffer T.; Holden, Geir; Hallén, Jostein; Rønnestad, Bent & Sveen, Ole [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Vitamin C and E supplementation hampers cellular adaptation to endurance training in humans: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physiology. ISSN 0022-3751. 592(8), s. 1887–1901. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267419. Vis sammendrag

  In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty-four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high-intensity interval sessions [4-6 × 4-6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and steady state continuous sessions (30-60 min; 70-90% of HRmax). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their VO2 max (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: -13 ± 54%; PGC-1α: -13 ± 29%; P ≤ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group (P ≤ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in VO2 max and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise.

• Gabbett, Tim J.; Wiig, Håvard & Spencer, Matthew (2013). Repeated High-Intensity Running and Sprinting in Elite Women's Soccer Competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 8(2), s. 130–138. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.130. Vis sammendrag

  Background: To the authors’ knowledge, no study has investigated the concurrent repeated, high-intensity (RHIA) and repeated-sprint activity (RSA) of intermittent team-sport competition. Purpose: In this study, they report on the RSA of elite women’s football competition. In addition, they describe the nature of RHIA (eg, striding and sprinting activities) that involve a high energy cost and are associated with short (ie, ≤20 s) recovery periods. Methods: Thirteen elite women soccer players underwent video-based time–motion analysis on 34 occasions during national and international standard matches. RSA and RHIA were defined as successive (ie, 2) sprints or striding and sprinting efforts that occurred with ≤20 s between efforts. Results: The number of RSA and RHIA bouts performed was similar between the first and second halves of matches. Sprinting and striding/sprinting durations tended to remain relatively stable irrespective of the number of efforts in an RSA or RHIA bout or the period of play. However, recovery duration between efforts increased in the second half, when a greater number of efforts were performed per bout. Conclusion: These findings suggest that first- to second-half reductions in RHIA and RSA do not occur in elite women’s soccer competition. However, players increase the amount of low-intensity recovery undertaken between RHIA and RSA efforts, most likely in an attempt to maintain RHIA and RSA performance. These findings emphasize the importance of RSA and RHIA to elite women’s soccer and highlight the importance of training this quality to prevent reductions in performance during competitive match play.

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• Spencer, Matthew; Wiig, Håvard; Andersen, Thor Einar & Luteberget, Live (2020). INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL TRAINING LOAD IN ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS.
• Wiig, Håvard; Raastad, Truls; Andersen, Thor Einar & Spencer, Matthew (2015). Monitoring Sleep, Well-Being and Training Load During a Season in Norwegian Professional Football.
• Andersen, Thor Einar; Wiig, Håvard & Apold-Aasen, Sigmund B. (2011). Er du klar til å prestere? I Larsen, Øyvind (Red.), Flest mulig - lengst mulig - best mulig. Akilles forlag. ISSN 978-82-7286-230-4. s. 253–278.

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